Construction and Materials

Question 1

stress

Answer 1

force per unit area acting on a material

Question 2

tensile stress

Answer 2

material stretches when exposed to stress

Question 3

compressive stress

Answer 3

material shortens when exposed to stress

Question 4

shearing stress

Answer 4

stress is enough to cut through the material

Question 5

strain

Answer 5

“stretch” - measurable load which allows a material to be displaced from its dimension

Question 6

proportional limit

Answer 6

the point in a materials stress strain relationship where the increase in force and stretch is related linearly. after the force is released, the strain is relieved and the material returns to its original form

Question 7

elastic limit

Answer 7

maximum stress limit within the linear relationship of the proportional limit

Question 8

yield point

Answer 8

point on the stress-strain relationship where the stretch increases without an increase in the force. the material is now permanently deformed

Question 9

ultimate strength

Answer 9

maximum force that will cause complete failure or the breaking strength

Question 10

modulus of elasticity

Answer 10

“youngs modulus” - the ratio of the applied force to stretch exhibited within the proportional limit. expressed in in tension or compression.

Question 11

poisson’s ratio

Answer 11

the ratio of the amount of lateral stretch of a material to the longitudinal stretch when an axial force is applied within the proportional limit. most common metals will be between 0.0 and 0.5. eq - rubber band stretches longitudinally with force and becomes thinner. when force is released, it returns to its shape

Question 12

ductility

Answer 12

the ability of a material to deform before it fractures when a load is applied. could be states as pliable, supple, springy, soft. common metals - aluminum, tin, copper, mild steel, lead.

Question 13

toughness

Answer 13

materials ability to absorb impact or shock load in the plastic range without deforming or fracturing. the ability to bend and the resistance to fracture with stress. can be found through strength and ductility

Question 14

brittle

Answer 14

materials that break when applied to a force without absorbing energy. eq - ceramics and glass

Question 15

bending moment

Answer 15

the sum of moments about the section of all external forces acting to one side of that section

Question 16

Safe working load

Answer 16

breaking strength / factor of safety

Question 17

OP

Answer 17

outside perimeter = (2) (length + width + recess)

Question 18

IP

Answer 18

Inner perimeter = OP + [(4) (2 x (- thickness))]

Question 19

MP

Answer 19

Mean perimeter = OP - [(4) (2 x (thickness/2))]

Question 20

nominal dimensions

Answer 20

“trade dimensions” specified dimensions + any surrounding material ie brick + mortar

Question 21

specified dimensions

Answer 21

actual manufactured dimensions of the material with no additional considerations

Question 22

bond pattern

Answer 22

typical brick laying pattern. 1/2 bond is where approx 1/2 brick length overlaps with the brick below

Question 23

Hip Roof is the same area as….

Answer 23

a gable roof

Question 24

pitch

Answer 24

rise/run

Question 25

Square Foot of Contact Area

Answer 25

dimensions of the face of the concrete that will come in contact with the formwork

Question 26

zero place

Answer 26

a counting error often not considered when estimating amounts of materials. to have an evenly spaced fence, you need a starting pole at the zero place.

Question 27

closed traverse

Answer 27

land survey technique where the survey shots start and end on point with a known location

Question 28

Open traverse

Answer 28

land survey technique where the first point is known, but not the second.
Cannot check for error using this method, so need to verify with additional measurments

Question 29

vertical control

Answer 29

establishes elevations which are preserved for the duration of the project

Question 30

horizontal control

Answer 30

establishes coordinates for the duration of the survey

Question 31

theodolite

Answer 31

survey equipment to measure both horizontal and vertical areas.

Question 32

total station

Answer 32

electronic survey equipment

Question 33

Benchmark (BM)

Answer 33

relatively permanent point of known elevation (datum)

Question 34

Back sight (BS)

Answer 34

sight taken to the level rod held at a point of known elevation (either BM or TP/ turning point)

Question 35

Height of instrument (HI)

Answer 35

elevation of line of sight of the telescope

Question 36

foresight (FS)

Answer 36

a sight taken on any point to determine its elevation