Construction Administration Services Flashcards by Alex Ruiz

According to AlA Document A20l, General Conditions of the Contract for Construction (CCAC Document 2, Stipu lated Price Contract), which of the following methods CAN NOT be used to make changes in the work once construction has started?

A. work modification form

B. order for minor change in the work

C. change order

D. construction change directive

The answer is A.

Solution

A work modification form is not an acceptable way to change the scope of the work. According to Article 7 of AlA Docu ment A20l, changes in the work can be made by change order, construction change directive, or order for a minor change in the work without invalidating the contract, subject to lim itations in the article and elsewhere in the contract docu ments.

Study Note: Be thoroughly familiar with AlA (CCAC/ CCDC) document provisions concerning change orders and the procedures used in making changes in the work.

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When a contractor proposes a substitution of a mate rial or method of construction that is specified in the con tract documents, the architect’s responsibility in reviewing the substitution includes

A. proving that the proposed substitution is equivalent to the original

B. finding documentation that relates to the substitution

C. forwarding the request to the owner

D. approving or disapproving the request

The answer is D.

Solution

Any request for substitution by the contractor must be made in writing and must be accompanied by a complete descrip tion of the proposed substitution, including drawings, test data, and other information necessary for an evaluation. The burden of proof of the merit of the substitution falls upon the contractor. The architect only has to review the submission and either approve or disapprove it.

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During a site visit, the architect notes that the con tractor is using unapproved materials that were not origi nally specified. Before work can be stopped under the provisions of AlA Document A201 (CCAC Document 2), what must occur?

A. The contractor must show cause why the unapproved materials are being used.

B. The owner must issue a written order to the contractor to stop the work.

C. The architect must give written notice of intent to stop the work and wait seven days.

D. The architect, with the approval of the owner, must issue a stop work order.

The answer is B.

Solution

Only the owner has the right to stop the work, according to the provisions of Article 2 of AlA Document A201 (CCAC Document 2). The owner may stop the work if the contrac tor fails to correct work not in accordance with the require ments of the contract documents or persistently fails to carry out work in accordance with the contract documents.

Article 3.4 (CCAC Document 2) states that the contractor may make substitutions only with the consent of the owner, after evaluation by the architect and with a change order.

Study Note: Review the provisions of the standard gen eral conditions that relate to the owner’s responsibilities, including the information provided by the owner and the owner’s right to carry out the work.

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During construction, the architect suspects that an incorrect type of plumbing piping has been installed. How ever, the contractor has covered the work with a partition because the architect did not request in advance to examine it. The architect now requests that the contractor tear out a portion of the partition in order to facilitate inspection. Upon review, the plumbing is found to be incorrect. The party responsible for the cost of uncovering the work is the

A. architect

B. owner

C. contractor

D. plumbing subcontractor

The answer is C.

Solution

Article 12 of AlA Document A201 (CCAC Document 2), states that if no specific request has been made to examine work, and if the work is subsequently covered, the owner must pay for the uncovering if the work is found to con form to the contract documents. If the work is found not to conform to the contract documents, then the contractor is responsible for the cost of uncovering the work.

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During construction, the architect is obligated to visit the site to keep the client informed about the progress and quality of the work. According to the basic provisions of AlA Document B141 (RAIC Document 6) these visits must occur

A. every week

B. every two weeks

C. as appropriate to the stage of the contractor’s operations

D. only if they have been written into the agreement as extra services

The answer is C.

Solution

Site visits are part of the basic services of contract adminis tration, but no specific time interval for them is given in the contract. AlA Document B141 states that the architect shall visit the site at intervals appropriate to the stage of the con tractors operations or as agreed by the owner and architect. RAIC Document 6 requires that the architect keep the client informed of the progress and quality of work observed dur ing the course of the general review/field review, but also does not give any specific time intervals.

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During a site visit, the architect notices that a worker has installed studs using a spacing that is not in accordance with the drawings. Under the provisions of AlA Document A201 (CCAC Document 2) the authority to reject this work rests with the

A. architect

B. owner

C. owner and architect

D. general contractor

The answer is A.

Solution

According to AlA Document A201 (CCAC Document 2), the architect has the authority to reject work that does not conform to the contract documents.

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During construction, the contractor makes a claim to the architect to extend the contract time because the prop erty owner delayed in supplying certain equipment. Under AlA Document A201 (CCAC Document 2) which of the fol lowing actions by the architect is NOT permitted?

A. Tell the owner and contractor that a determina tion cannot be made, due to a lack of informa tion.

B. Request additional information from the contractor.

C. Refer the claim to the owner’s attorney.

D. Suggest a compromise.

The answer is C.

Solution

Under the provisions of Article 4.4.2 of AlA Document A201 (CCAC Document 2), when reviewing a claim, the architect must take one or more of the following actions: 1) approve the claim, 2) reject the claim, 3) suggest a com promise, 4) request additional supporting data from the claimant or a response with supporting data from the other party, or 5) advise the parties that the architect is unable to resolve the claim due to a lack of sufficient information to evaluate the merits of the claim or because the architect concludes that it would be inappropriate for the architect to resolve the claim.

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Before finish work has started, the architect reminds the contractor that moisture tests are required by the spec ifications for all concrete on which resilient flooring will be placed. The party responsible for the cost of the tests is the

A. architect

B. owner

C. contractor

D. flooring subcontractor

The answer is C.

Solution

Article 13.5 of AlA Document A201 (CCAC Document 2) states that tests, inspections, and approvals of portions of the work required by the contract documents or by laws, ordinances, rules, regulations, or orders of public authori ties shall be paid for by the contractor. The contractor must also make arrangements for the tests and notify the architect of when they will be conducted.

Study Note: If testing becomes required after receipt of bids or after contract negotiations and is not part of the original contract documents, then the owner becomes responsible for paying for the testing. This provision applies to testing required by the architect, owner, or public authorities having jurisdiction. This situation might happen if the building field inspector requires a test that was not anticipated.

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A pressure test on plumbing supply piping required by the specifications reveals a leak in the system. According to AlA Document A201 (CCAC Document 2) the responsi bility for fixing the leak and paying for a follow-up test rests with the

A. owner

B. contractor

C. plumbing subcontractor

D. owner and contractor jointly

The answer is B.

Solution

Although the plumbing subcontractor may ultimately reim burse the contractor, according to AlA Document A201 (CCAC Document 2), the contractor is responsible for all costs made necessary by failures, including costs of repeated tests.

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A change order can be requested by the

A. architect

B. owner

C. architect or owner

D. architect, owner, or contractor

The answer is D.

Solution

Any of the three parties may request or suggest a change order. The paperwork is prepared by the architect, and all three parties must agree to and sign it.

Study Note: Understand the three ways changes can be made during construction: through change order, con struction change directive, or minor change in the work.

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According to AlA Document A20l, the contractor may reasonably ask for an extension in the contract time without penalty for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A. an owner’s stop work order

B. slow work by a subcontractor

C. the architect’s delay in approving shop drawings

D. labor disputes

The answer is B.

Solution

Article 8.3 of AIA Document A20l states the reasons for an extension to the contract time. Slow work by a subcontrac tor does not constitute a valid reason. The contractor is responsible for keeping the project on schedule unless there are mitigating circumstances as stated in Article 8.3.

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Which of the following parties are required to agree to a construction change directive?

A. architect and owner

B. architect and contractor

C. owner and contractor

D. architect, owner, and contractor

The answer is A.

Solution

Article 7.1.2 of AIA Document A20 l states that a construc tion change directive requires agreement by the owner and architect and may or may not be agreed to by the contractor.

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During foundation construction, the property owner directs the architect to have the contractor reposition an upper-floor door by 3 ft (l m). The wall has not yet been framed, and this relocation does not affect any other con struction. The architect should notify the contractor of this change with

A. an addendum

B. a change order

C. a construction change directive

D. an order for a minor change in the work

The answer is D.

Solution

This type of change would probably not require a change in the contracted sum or time and would not be inconsistent with the intent of the contract documents, so the architect may direct the change with an order for a minor change in the work (with or without the owner’s approval).

Study Note: If this type of alteration is requested after the door opening is framed, it will probably involve a change in the contract sum and time, so a change order will be required. If the change is needed but the parties cannot immediately agree to the provisions of the adjustment (due to reasons of time, money, or both), a construction change directive can be used, and the time or money pro visions are worked out at a later time.

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During construction, the contractor asks the architect to approve a substitution for the floor tile originally specified, because the proposed new tile can be delivered faster. According to AlA Document A20l (CCAC Document 2), which of the following statements are true about this request?

I. the owner’s consent is required

II. if approved, the tile will not be covered by warranty III. the substitution must be made with a change order IV the architect must evaluate the request

A. I and II only

B. III and IV only

C. I, III, and IV only

D. II, III, and IV only

The answer is C.

Solution

Article 3.4.2 in AlA Document A20l (CCAC Document 2) states that the contractor may make substitutions only with the owners consent, after evaluation by the architect and in accordance with a change order. The substitution will be covered by warranty:

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According to AlA Document A201 (CCAC Document 2) the architect’s duties when processing the contractor’s application for payment include all of the following EXCEPT

A. comparing work done and materials stored to the contractor’s schedule of values

B. making an exhaustive on-site inspection to ver

ify that work has been completed properly

C. approving a certificate for payment if the archi tect feels the contractor is due payment in the amount stated

D. using previous site visits to determine that the work is in accordance with the contract docu ments

The answer is B.

Solution

Article 9.4.2 of AlA Document A201 (CCAC Document 2) specifically states that the issuance of a certificate for pay ment is not a representation that the architect has 1) made exhaustive or continuous on-site inspections, 2) reviewed construction means, methods, techniques, sequences, or procedures, 3) reviewed copies of requisitions received from subcontractors and other data, or 4) made examina tion to ascertain how or for what purpose the contractor has used money previously paid.

Study Note: Understand the entire process of payments and completion.

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According to AlA (CCAC/CCDC) Documents, the amount of retainage withheld from each application for payment is

A. 5% of the amount due

B. 10% of the amount due

C. 10% of the total contract price

D. as stated in the owner-contractor agreement

The answer is D.

Solution

The amount of retainage is determined and defined in AlA Document Al01 (CCDC Document 2). The exact percent age is whatever is agreed to by the parties involved. The percentage of retainage can differ for work done and for stored materials.

When reviewing applications for payment, which of the following does the architect do? (Choose the four that apply.)

A. verify that adequate safety precautions are being observed by the contractor

B. determine if the completed work will be in accordance with the contract documents

C. become generally familiar with the progress and quality of the work

D. keep the owner informed about the progress of the work

E. check if the quantities of the installed work are as required by the contract documents

F endeavor to guard the owner against defects in the work

The answer is B, C, D, and E

Solution

AlA Document B141 (RAIC Document 6) states the reasons the architect visits the site and his or her responsi bilities regarding applications for payment. When reviewing pay applications, the architect is responsible for determin ing whether work completed complies with the require ments of the contract documents. He or she should be generally familiar with the progress of the work and com municate this to the owner. The goal of the architect’s involvement and review should be to endeavor to guard the owner against defects in the work.

The architect is not responsible for safety at the site or for the means, methods, or techniques of construction, includ ing verifying quantities of materials.

Study Note: Review all of the listed duties and responsi bilities of the architect contained in both AlA Document B141 and AlA Document A201 (CCDC Document 2 and RAIC Document 6).

During a construction phase site visit, the architect notices that a finish subcontractor is not installing a floor ing material properly. What should be the architects first response?

A. Inform the owner in writing of the situation.

B. Withhold the appropriate amount on the con

tractor’s application for payment.

C. Tell the contractor the work is not in confor

mance with the contract documents.

D. Notify the subcontractor that their work is not being properly installed.

The answer is C.

Solution

According to AlA Document A20l (CCAC Document 2), communication by and with subcontractors and materials suppliers shall be through the contractor. The architect should inform the contractor of the improper installation, and the contractor is responsible for coordinating the repair with the subcontractor.

During the punch list inspection, the architect notices several items that are not completed and that will make it impossible for the client to occupy the space. According to AlA Document A20l (CCAC Document 2), which of the following actions must the architect take?

A Notify the owner of the incomplete items.

B. Notify the contractor that there are unfinished items that must be finished before the project will be determined substantially complete.

C. Prepare a certificate of substantial completion with a list of incomplete items attached.

D. Revise the punch list and resubmit it to the contractor.

The answer is B.

Solution

Document A20l (CCAC Document 2) requires that the architect notify the contractor of the unfinished items if they are not sufficiently complete in accordance with the contract documents, so that the owner can occupy the work or a designated portion thereof for its intended use. This must happen before the architect can issue a certificate of substantial completion.

After reviewing an application for payment, the archi tect decides to withhold the certificate for payment under the provisions of AlA Document A20 l (CCAC Document 2). Which of the following statements about this situation is true?

A The architect needs to withhold the entire amount.

B. The architect must notify the owner, who then notifies the contractor.

C. The architect and contractor must agree on a revised amount.

D. The architect can nullify a previous certificate to protect the owner.

The answer is D.

Solution

The architect can nullify a previous certificate to protect the owner.

AlA Document A20l (CCAC Document 2) allows the archi tect to withhold the whole amount or a partial amount. If payment is to be withheld, the architect must notify the owner and contractor. The architect and contractor do not necessarily have to agree on the amount, although they should attempt to arrive at a mutually agreeable sum that accurately represents the amount of work completed.

A project is substantially complete when

A the work is finished except for items on the punch list

B. the architect has determined that the building is nearly finished

C. the contractor has notified the architect that the work is complete

D. the owner can utilize the building for its intended use

The answer is D.

Solution

Substantial completion means that the work or a designated portion of the work is sufficiently complete in accordance with the contract documents so that the owner can occupy or utilize the work for its intended use. A building can be substantially complete while still having minor items that the contractor must finish.

According to AlA Document A20l (CCAC Docu ment 2), the contractor must submit an affidavit that all bills have been paid by the contractor before the owners final payment is made. This affidavit must be submitted to the

A. architect

B. owner

C. owners surety

D. owners attorney

The answer is A.

Solution

Various documents required prior to final payment must be submitted to the architect. The architect then forwards them to the owner while keeping a copy for the project records.

Upon completion of the work, which of the following items must the contractor submit? (Choose the two that apply)

A. extra stock of materials as listed in the specifications

B. a certificate of occupancy

C. copies of all change orders completed during the course of the work

D. warranties and operating instructions as required in notes on the mechanical drawings

E. certificates of inspection

F. certificates of testing

The answer is A and D.

Solution

Items required by the contract documents, either in the specifications or on the drawings, must be submitted to the owner before the work is considered complete. If these items have not been forwarded to the architect for trans mission to the owner, they can be included as outstanding items in the architect’s comments on the punch list.

Copies of change orders are not required at this time, as this paperwork would be issued throughout the course of the project. Certificates of testing are required to be submitted to the architect promptly after each test, not at the comple tion of the work. Certificates of inspection and a certificate of occupancy would be issued by the building official.

Study Note: In addition to the items listed in the ques tion, the contractor must also submit to the architect all documents required with the application for final pay ment, maintenance contracts, and a set of record draw ings if required by the contract documents.

Which of the following is probably of LEAST concern to a subcontractor?

A. the number of times equipment must be mobi- lized

B. the types of tools needed to build a project

C. workers’ skill level needed to complete the work

D. other trades that will be working on the same part of the construction at the same time

The answer is B.

Solution

A subcontractor would be most interested in the number of times equipment must be brought to a job site, what kinds of workers will be required to complete the work, and pos sible interference with other trades, because all of these have cost and time implications. The types of tools needed may, under some circumstances, have some bearing on cost if they must be purchased or rented, but normally tools are available and do not represent a significant portion of the total cost.

To a certain extent, the architect can control these variables and therefore exercise some control over cost by designing and detailing so that construction may proceed in the most straightforward manner.

**An architect is reviewing shop drawings for a decora tive wood grille wallcovering in a building lobby The grille is attached to a gypsum board partition with metal clips. In what probable order of importance should the following items be checked?** I. the spacing and size of the screws holding the clips to the partition II. the possibility of splintering due to the way the exposed surfaces are milled III. the flame-spread rating IV the method of cleaning the grille based on design and finish techniques used V the local code requirements for surface finishes A. I, II, III, V, then IV B. III, V, II, IV, then I C. III, I, V, IV, then II D. V, III, I, II, then IV

**The answer is D.** Solution Of the four detailing considerations implied by the choices (structural integrity, safety from contact, fire safety, and maintainability), fire safety is the most important, which would include verifying the code requirements for surface finishes and the actual flame-spread rating of the specified material. Next, the architect should verify the attachment method and structural integrity of the grille. Subsequently, the reviewer should verify the finish of the material to ensure it will not splinter or break, which could cause injury. Finally, the architect may choose to examine the material's maintainability

**A project is about 60% complete when the owner begins receiving field reports from the architect stating that the contractor is failing to properly supervise the job, which is resulting in incorrect work. After receiving several unsat isfactory reports, the owner becomes concerned about the contractors performance and progress and asks the archi tect for advice. What should be done if the work is being performed under the conditions of AlA Document A201?** A. After receiving the architect's field reports, the owner should stop the work and arrange for a meeting between the owner, architect, and con tractor to determine the cause of the problems and what the contractor intends to do. If the contractor does not correct the work, the owner may carry out the work with other contractors and deduct the cost of the repairs from the orig inal contractor's construction cost by change order. B. The architect should recommend that the owner give the contractor written notice of nonconfor mance with the contract documents and if, after seven days, the contractor has not begun correc tive measures, the owner should terminate the contract. C. The architect and owner should discuss the problem to see if the owner would be willing to accept the nonconforming work in exchange for a reduction in the contract sum. If not, the owner should give seven days' written notice to terminate the contract. The owner has the option of finding another contractor to finish the job. D. The architect should, with the owner's knowl edge, reject nonconforming work and notify the contractor that it must be corrected promptly. The architect should then remind the owner that the owner can have the work corrected after giving the contractor one seven-day writ ten notice to correct the work and then an addi tional three days with a written notice.

**The answer is D.** Solution The first step is to officially notify the contractor that the work is incorrect. The architect must do this in writing. The incorrect work should be rejected, and the contractor should be told to promptly correct it in accordance with the contract. If the contractor does not correct the work, the owner should be aware of the alternative courses of action available, up to and including terminating the contract. However, it is a better course of action for the owner to cor rect the work with his or her own forces (if the contractor refuses) than to terminate the original construction con tract. Stopping the work always has a detrimental effect on the entire project, and it does not provide for the normal notice to the contractor of nonconforming work. Quick termina tion of the contract without trying other remedies is not in accordance with the contract. The contractor should always be notified in writing of any problems with the work and asked to correct the situation. The owner does have the option of accepting nonconform ing work, but this is often not the best course of action because it can lead to disagreement about what amount should be deducted from the contract sum for acceptance of the nonconforming work.

**The owner may NOT** A. stop work if the contractor's performance is not satisfactory or is at variance with the contract documents B. carry on the work and deduct costs normally due to the contractor for any corrections required because of unsatisfactory work C. stop the work if the architect reports safety problems on the site D. refuse to give the contractor proof that he or she can meet the financial obligations of the project

**The answer is D.** Solution AlA Document A201 states that the owner is obligated to furnish the contractor with reasonable evidence that finan cial arrangements have been made to fulfill his or her oblig ations under the contract. This document authorizes the owner to stop work for deficiencies in performance or safety violations or carry on the work with the owners own forces to correct portions of the project where the contractors per formance is unsatisfactory and deduct the costs of the cor rections from the contract sum.

**In what order should the following project closeout activities take place?** I. preparing the final certificate for payment II. compiling punch list III. issuing the certificate of substantial completion IV receiving notification from the contractor that the project is ready for final inspection V releasing the final payment to the contractor after consent of surety is received A. II, III, V, IV, then I B. II, IV, III, V, then I C. IV, II, V, I, then III D. IV, V, II, III, then I

**The answer is B.** Solution When the contractor considers the work to be substantially complete, he or she is responsible for compiling the "punch list," the list of work to be completed or corrected. The con tractor must notify the architect when the project is ready for the punch list inspection. During this inspection, the architect verifies that the project has been completed according to the contract documents and makes note of any items that still must be corrected. The architect then pre pares the certificate of substantial completion, which sets the deadline for correction of the punch list items and gov erns the transfer of responsibility from the contractor to the owner for items such as utilities, maintenance, and security, among others. The contractor notifies the architect when the project is ready for a second, final inspection. If this inspection is acceptable, the architect prepares and issues the final cer tificate for payment. The final payment and retainage is not due to the contrac tor until he or she fulfills the obligations of AlA Document A20l, Sec. 9.10.2, which include receipt of the consent of surety. When this and the other necessary documents have been received, the contractor can receive the final payment due.

**Substantial completion indicates** A. that the owner can make use of the work for its intended purpose, and the requirements of the contract documents have been fulfilled B. that the contractor has completed correction of all punch list items C. that the final certificate for payment has been issued by the architect, and all documentation has been delivered to the owner D. the date on which the contractor prepares the punch list

**The answer is A.** Solution Substantial completion is the point at which the owner can make use of the work for its intended purpose, and the requirements of the contract documents have been fulfilled. This is a critical point in construction because it marks the date that the building owner assumes the warranty on equipment. It is possible for a project to be deemed sub stantially complete even if punch list items remain incom plete.

**During a periodic visit to the site, the architect notices what appears to be an undersized variable air volume box being installed. What should the architect do?** A. Tell the mechanical engineer to look at the situ ation during the next site visit by the engineer. Note the observation on a field report. B. Find the contractor and stop work on the instal lation until the size of the unit can be verified by the mechanical engineer and compared to the contract documents. C. Notify the owner in writing that the work is not proceeding according to the contract documents and advise him to stop the work until the archi tect can arrange a meeting with the mechanical engineer to resolve the situation. D. Notify the contractor that the equipment may be undersized, and have the contractor check on it. Concurrently, ask the mechanical engineer to verify the size of the unit against the specifi cations and report to the architect.

**The answer is D.** Solution The architect has a duty to cooperate with the contractor and should at least mention the potential problem during the site visit. The contractor then has the opportunity to check on the equipment while the architect is following up with the mechanical engineer. The observation should be noted on the architect's field report to keep the client informed of the progress of the work. If, in fact, the equip ment being installed is incorrect, corrective action may be taken. When the contractor is notified immediately, he or she can decide whether or not to suspend work on the installation of the equipment until the situation is resolved. By the time the mechanical engineer is notified and visits the site, the installation of the equipment may have pro ceeded to a point where it is difficult to remedy. It is best to act quickly to keep the project moving while the issue is resolved. The architect does not have the authority to stop the work. It is not necessary to advise the owner to stop work which would only delay the project and add expense at this point.

**When the project is 90% complete, the code inspec tor requires installation of six exit signs in addition to those shown on the approved plans. Which of the following instruments should the architect use?** A. order for minor change B. addendum C. change order D. construction change directive

**The answer is C.** Solution Because the additional exit signs would necessitate an increase in construction cost and possibly in contract time, an order for minor change would not be appropriate. An addendum can only be used before the contract is signed. It is possible that the contractor and owner might disagree with the cost of the additional exit signs and a construction change directive would be used initially, but it is more likely that everyone would realize the need for the extra signs and agree on a price. Ultimately, a change order would be issued to adjust the contract sum.

**Which of the following statements about submittals is ****FALSE?** A. The architect must review them prior to checking by the contractor. B. The contractor is ultimately responsible for the accuracy of dimensions and quantities. C. Submittals are not considered part of the contract documents. D. The contractor can reject submittals and request resubmittal by his or her subcontractors.

**The answer is A.** Solution The contractor must review submittals prior to giving them to the architect.

**A contractor makes a claim for additional money for extra work caused by unforeseen circumstances. According to AlA Document A201, the architect must respond within\_\_\_\_days. (Fill in the blank.)**

**The answer is 10 days.** Solution AlA Document A201 specifically states that the architect must respond within 10 days of notification of the claim by the contractor. An acceptable response is to ask for sup porting data to further document the claim.

**Which of the following is NOT considered a submittal?** A. mock-ups B. product data C. samples D. shop drawings

**The answer is A.** Solution Product data, samples, and shop drawings may all be provided by the contractor for the architect:S review. This documen tation is known as a submittal. A mock-up is a full-sized sample of a portion of the con struction, commonly built on the job site. It can be either separate from the building or, if approved, can be integrated into the building. A mock-up is called for in individual sec tions of the specifications for items that will be repeated throughout the project, innovative construction techniques, and other instances where it is useful to see the "finished product" before it is truly finished. Mock-ups can be very expensive, so they should only be specified where neces sary They become more cost effective if the approved mock-up can then be integrated into the building.

**The architect's submittal log entries should include all of the following EXCEPT the** A. action taken B. contract name C. date of receipt of the submittal D. date of forwarding to the consultant

**The answer is B.** Solution The contract name need not be included with each log entry because the submittal log itself will be identified with the project name and number.

**A construction change directive requires the signa** **ture(s) of the** A. architect only B. architect and contractor only C. architect and owner only D. architect, owner, and contractor

**The answer is C.** Solution A construction change directive requires the signatures of the architect and owner only. A minor change in the work only requires the architect's signature. A change order requires the signatures of all three parties. No document requires just the architect's and contractor's signatures.