What do plosives refer to?
oral stops
When is there a complete block in airflow?
Plosives and nasals
What are stops (oral and nasal) ?
- Stop sounds involve a complete obstruction of the airflow in the vocal tract
- The blockage can be sustained for a longer stretch of time.
By definition what types of sounds would count as stops?
- pulmonic oral stops
- pulmonic nasal stops
- all the non-pulmonic stops (ejectives, implosives, clicks)
Almost all languages have pulmonic stops that are bilabial… what about labio-dental or linguo-labial?
labiodental are rumoured to exist in Bantu languages
linguo-labial occur in some Austronesian languages.what a
What are coronals and how are they made?
sounds that are produced by closing the tongue tip or blade against a location on the upper front surface of the hard palate.
what are the 2 types of coronals?
Apical stops: coronal stops made by the tip of the tongue.
Laminal stops: coronal stops made by the blade of the tongue.
what is retroflexion?
retroflexion has contact between the alveolar ridge and hard palate.
(we typically think of retroflexion as a curled tongue, but that’s not always the case.
It is common in languages spoken in India, but the degree of retroflexion varies.
What are dorsal stops?
Dorsal stops involve the tongue body, either front of back. For most languages, this is in the velar region, but languages also have a palatal and uvular stops.
What are palatal stops?
constriction happens at the hard palate.
What is a glottal stop?
- produced by closing the vocal folds firmly together.
- closure in continuous speech can often be incomplete; just a tightening may indicate a glottal stop.
How are nasals produced?
- The closure remains the same as in stops;
but the airflow is noe through the nasal passage by lowering the velum.
what is a sublingual cavity?
when making a fricative we sometimes hold air in our mouth, the sublingual cavity holds that air.
the cavity is bigger for sh than s
How are approximants made?
- Approximants are made with a relatively open vocal tract.
- These are quite similar to vowels, and in many languages there is a variation between approximant consonants and vowels.
How are laterals made?
- In laterals, the tongue makes a constriction in the center, but the tongue is open laterally
- The location of the central constiction can very between dental and velar positions.
How are lateral fricatives made?
When lateral opening is narrow enough to create turbulence.
How are lateral approximants made?
when lateral opening is wider
How are trills made?
- Trills are different from other sounds because they are aerodynamic, vibration of one articulator againt another within oral cavity.
- Trills involve a series of occlusions with sperate muscle contraction for each.
- the lips, tongue tip, and uvula can all be set in vibration if the articulator positions and the airflow conditions are right.
How are Taps and Flaps made?
- These sounds made with quick movements of the articulators to contact postion.
While many use the term taps and flaps interchangeably, they are techniqually different how?
tap: movement is directly up and down (potty)
Flap: more of a passing movement from behind (party)
What are the 3 non-pulmonic sounds?
- clicks
- implosives
- ejectives
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Airstream Mechanisms Sept 23/2530
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Vowels Sept20/233
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Voicing Sept 27/ Oct 212
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Basic acoustics Oct 210
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The Vocal Tract Sept 6/915
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The Vocal Tract part 2 sept 96
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Transcription Sept 112
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Consonants Sept 16/1822
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Digital Signal Processing Oct 7/912
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Source filter Oct 1120
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Vowel Acoustics18
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Fricatives6
