Consonants Sept 16/18

Question 1

What do plosives refer to?

Answer 1

oral stops

Question 2

When is there a complete block in airflow?

Answer 2

Plosives and nasals

Question 3

What are stops (oral and nasal) ?

Answer 3

• Stop sounds involve a complete obstruction of the airflow in the vocal tract
• The blockage can be sustained for a longer stretch of time.

Question 4

By definition what types of sounds would count as stops?

Answer 4

• pulmonic oral stops
• pulmonic nasal stops
• all the non-pulmonic stops (ejectives, implosives, clicks)

Question 5

Almost all languages have pulmonic stops that are bilabial… what about labio-dental or linguo-labial?

Answer 5

labiodental are rumoured to exist in Bantu languages

linguo-labial occur in some Austronesian languages.what a

Question 6

What are coronals and how are they made?

Answer 6

sounds that are produced by closing the tongue tip or blade against a location on the upper front surface of the hard palate.

Question 7

what are the 2 types of coronals?

Answer 7

Apical stops: coronal stops made by the tip of the tongue.

Laminal stops: coronal stops made by the blade of the tongue.

Question 8

what is retroflexion?

Answer 8

retroflexion has contact between the alveolar ridge and hard palate.

(we typically think of retroflexion as a curled tongue, but that’s not always the case.

It is common in languages spoken in India, but the degree of retroflexion varies.

Question 9

What are dorsal stops?

Answer 9

Dorsal stops involve the tongue body, either front of back. For most languages, this is in the velar region, but languages also have a palatal and uvular stops.

Question 10

What are palatal stops?

Answer 10

constriction happens at the hard palate.

Question 11

What is a glottal stop?

Answer 11

• produced by closing the vocal folds firmly together.
• closure in continuous speech can often be incomplete; just a tightening may indicate a glottal stop.

Question 12

How are nasals produced?

Answer 12

• The closure remains the same as in stops;
  but the airflow is noe through the nasal passage by lowering the velum.

Question 13

what is a sublingual cavity?

Answer 13

when making a fricative we sometimes hold air in our mouth, the sublingual cavity holds that air.
the cavity is bigger for sh than s

Question 14

How are approximants made?

Answer 14

• Approximants are made with a relatively open vocal tract.
• These are quite similar to vowels, and in many languages there is a variation between approximant consonants and vowels.

Question 15

How are laterals made?

Answer 15

• In laterals, the tongue makes a constriction in the center, but the tongue is open laterally
• The location of the central constiction can very between dental and velar positions.

Question 16

How are lateral fricatives made?

Answer 16

When lateral opening is narrow enough to create turbulence.

Question 17

How are lateral approximants made?

Answer 17

when lateral opening is wider

Question 18

How are trills made?

Answer 18

• Trills are different from other sounds because they are aerodynamic, vibration of one articulator againt another within oral cavity.
• Trills involve a series of occlusions with sperate muscle contraction for each.
• the lips, tongue tip, and uvula can all be set in vibration if the articulator positions and the airflow conditions are right.

Question 19

How are Taps and Flaps made?

Answer 19

• These sounds made with quick movements of the articulators to contact postion.

Question 20

While many use the term taps and flaps interchangeably, they are techniqually different how?

Answer 20

tap: movement is directly up and down (potty)

Flap: more of a passing movement from behind (party)

Question 21

What are the 3 non-pulmonic sounds?

Answer 21

• clicks
• implosives
• ejectives