consonants Flashcards
how are consonants made?
a narrowing of the constriction in the oral cavity causing turbulent, blocked or oral airflow
approximants
can be the same articulation as vowels, [j] and [i] [w] and [u]
syllabic consonants
where the consonantal sound acts as the nucleus of a syllable, without the addition of a vowel.
n̩
pulmonic airstream mechanism
lungs fill with air when the diaphragm and rib cage expand, then release the air when they exert a gentle pressure on the lungs, forcing air out. EGRESSIVE
velaric airstream mechanism
a constriction is made between the back of the tongue and the velum, then another made between articulators further forward. This creates an air cavity. The tongue is tensed and pulled down without releasing, rarefying the air particles. then when the further forward constriction is released, air enters the cavity creating the sound. INGRESSIVE
clicks
glottalic airstream mechanism
a closure is made at the glottis and another constriction is made further forward in the vocal tract, creating an air cavity between the two constrictions.
Egressive: the larynx moves up to compress the air particles and build up pressure so that when the constriction in the vocal tract is released, air flows out. (ejectives)
Ingressive: the larynx moves down to rarefy the air particles and create a suction so that when the constriction in the vocal tract is released air flows into the mouth. (implosives)
secondary articulation
when another constriction is made but of a lesser degree
labialisation
nʷ - rounding of the lips
pharyngealisation
nˤ - tongue root moved towards the pharynx
velarisation
nˠ - tongue back moved towards velum
palatalised
nʲ - tongue towards the palate
where are /p, t, k/ voiceless aspirated
word initially
where are /p, t, k/ voiceless unaspirated
after word initial /s/
where are /b, d, g/ voiceless unaspirated
word initially b̥
where are /b,d,g/ voiced
between vowels
