Consonants Flashcards
What is a broad transcription?
Phonemic transcription. Uses the simplest possible set of symbols. Uses slanted // brackets.
What is a phoneme?
The smallest linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning
What is a narrow transcription?
Phonetic transcription. More detailed. Applies for unknown language, for disordered speech or in forensic samples. Uses [] brackets
How do you describe consonants using the IPA CHART?
VPM:
Voicing state - voiced or voiceless
Place of articulation - where is the main movement in the vocal tract
Manner of articulation - what is the extent of movement or type of constriction
Are voiced sounds on the left or right of cells in the IPA?
right
What is the vocal tract?
A container of air that starts from the top of the vocal folds and goes all the way to the edge of the lips; it includes both the oral cavity and the nasal cavity
what are the two types of articulators for constricitions?
Passive articulator: static
Active articulator: movement towards the passive articulator
What are the 11 places of articulation?
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Glottal
What are the articulators for bilabial sounds?
upper and lower lips
What are the articulators for labiodental sounds?
active = lower lip
passive = upper front teeth
what are the articulators for dental sounds?
active = tongue tip
passive = upper front teeth
what are the articulators for alveolar sounds
active = tongue tip/blade
passive = alveolar ridge
what are the articulators for postalveolar sounds?
active = tongue tip/blade
passive = area just behind the alveolar
what are the articulators for retroflex sounds?
active = underside of tongue tip/blade
passive = hard palate
What are the articulators for palatal sounds?
active = tongue front
passive = hard palate ]
what are the articulators for velar sounds?
active = tongue back
passive = velum
what are the articulators for uvular sounds?
active = tongue back
passive = uvula
what are the articulators for pharyngeal sounds?
active = tongue root
passive = back of pharyngeal wall
What are the different manners of articulation in the IPA for pulmonic consonants?
Plosive
Nasal
Trill
Tap or Flap
Fricative and lateral fricative
Approximant and lateral approximant
How are plosive sounds articulated?
complete closure of the vocal tract that is maintained for a period of time.
oral airflow
e.g. p, b, t, d.
how are nasal sounds articulated?
complete closure of the oral cavity.
velum lowered - nasal airflow
e.g. m, n
how are trills articulated?
complete but less forceful closure - repeated vibration of the articulator caused by the airstream
e.g. bilabial B, brrr noise
how are taps or flaps articulated?
similar to plosives but with very short amount of time during which the contact is maintained
e.g. alveolar r in butter
how are fricatives articulated?
very narrow opening between articulators, narrow structure and turbulent airflow
e.g. english lass
how are lateral fricatives articulated?
Midline of the oral cavity blocked by complete closure, turbulent airflow along the sides of the tongue
how are approximants articulated?
approximation of the articulators without obstruction of the airflow, wider distance between articulators
how are lateral approximants articulated?
midline of the oral cavity blocked by complete closure, air released along one or both sides of the tongue
how are affricates articulated?
similar to plosives but with release into narrow stricture, combination of plosives and fricatives, affricates are possible at all places of articulation at which plosives occur e.g. english church
what does ‘rhotics’ refer to?
all types of r-like sounds
what does ‘liquids’ refer to?
lateral approximants and rhotics
what does glides refer to?
approximants without obstruction in the centre of the mouth
