Consolidation

Question 1

Answer 1

1. Griseofulvin has limited OH groups for hydrgen bonding and contains non polar -OCH3 and Cl groups making it lipophillic this limits the ability to dissolve well in aqueous environments for topical application.
2. Amphotericin contains many OH groups (hydrophillic) and long chain regions (hydrophobic) which makes it amphiphatic allowing it to interact with lipid membranes and aqueous enviroments

Question 2

Answer 2

Salbutamol because is has a 4 carbon substituent on the amine group whereas atenolol has a 3 carbon substituent on the amine group (NH)

Question 3

Answer 3

1. The OH groups are broken to form ester linkages transforming hydrocortisone into its prodrugs.
2. The ester linkages must be cleaved into OH to transform the prodrugs into hydrocortisone.
3. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate because the =O have negative charge for Hydrogen bonding and the Na+ can bind to Oxygen of water molecules
4. Hydrocortisone valerate because the ester group linked to the hydrocarbon chain (which is hydrophobic) makes it lipophilic which is suitable for topical administration

Question 4

Answer 4

• Acitretin: This molecule contains a carboxylic acid functional group, which makes it polar and suitable for systemic absorption. This property makes it appropriate for oral administration.
• Tazarotene: This compound has an ethyl ester group, making it less polar and more lipophilic, properties that enhance skin penetration. It is formulated for topical administration.

Question 5

Answer 5

The OH groups make the molecule (Hydrophilic) and the long chain makes is (hydrophobic/lipophilic)

Question 6

Answer 6

Naproxen is a weak acid due to the COOH functional group which can undergo resonance stabilisation resulting in COO-. This means that it will be absorbed in the stomach.

Dyclonine is a weak base because it has a tertiary amine which can accept H bonds. This means that it will be absorbed in the intestine

Question 7

Answer 7

Compound 4 is the most likely candidate because:

It is compact enough to fit into a narrow pocket.

Its small hydrophobic nature (the absence of polar or charged features, C-C and C-H bonds) allows it to avoid steric clashes while still interacting favorably with surrounding residues.