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BB10205 > conservation biology 2 > Flashcards

conservation biology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

landscape genetics evaluates

A

impact of landscape on genetic structure and survival

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2
Q

size of patch effects

A

carrying capacity

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3
Q

edges affect

A

species fitness

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4
Q

distance and type of matrix (percolation) determines

A

migration between patches

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5
Q

Isolation can lead to

A

extinction, but also speciation

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6
Q

When should we interfere?

A

small population approach: populations should be protected once they are too small- usually associated with a genetic approach

Declining population approach:Populations should be protected once consistently declining in size, usually associated with an ecological approach

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7
Q

Extinction vortex

A

small pops prone to loss of genetic diversity via genetic drift which leads to inbreeding depression- in turn leads to smaller pops

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8
Q

vortex sequence

A

reduced n: demographic stochasticity ( variability in pop growth arising from sampling random births and deaths), environ variation, catastrophes
small, fragmented, isolated populations
inbreeding and loss of diversity
reduced adaptability survival and reproduction
Back to the beginning

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9
Q

Loss of genetic variation also problematic because

A

needed for evolution of responses to climate change

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10
Q

What 2 things always lead to extinction

A

small pops and low genetic diversity

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11
Q

Greater prairie chickens

A

Bottle neck effects due to sudden decr in availability of prairie habitat, caused large reduction in pop
Surviving birds low genetic variation, and only 50% of eggs hatched

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12
Q

Chickens genetic rescue

A

Genetic variation imported by transplanting birds from larger pops
Declining pop rebounded- due to incr variation

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13
Q

captive breeding- ex-situ conservation

A

breed in captivity and release when conditions are appropriate for wild survival

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14
Q

Dangers of reintroduction

A

Breeding in captivity causes behavioural and physiological changes, loss of genetic variability- limit eventual settlement success in nature
Intro of exotic pathogens risk

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15
Q

storage- ex-situ conservation

A

Preserve plants and germplasm that can be distributed when needed
eg Kew gardens holds threatened spcies, millennium seed bank- cyropreserved seeds and plants

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16
Q

PVA

A

Population viability analysis

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17
Q

PVA assesses combined impacts on extinction risk of

A 
deterministic factors: habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, introduced species
Stochastic events:
- demographic
-environmental
- genetic stochasticity
- catastrophes
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18
Q

Demographic stochasticity

A

natural fluctuations in B and D rates and sex-ratio independent of environ effects

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19
Q

Environmental stochasiticity

A

Fluctuations in B and D rates and sex-ratio due to fluctuation in environ

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20
Q

Genetic stochasiticity

A

Inbreeding depression genetic drift, divergence of pops

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21
Q

lambda

A

finite rate of growth for a discrete pop growth model

22
Q

Name an organisation which monitors diversity

A

international union of conservation

uses a set of extinction criteria to evaluate extinction risk

23
Q

Assignment to a IUCN category done based on

A

reductions in numbers, total geographical area occupied, numbers of mature reproductive individuals, habitat loss- considered a PVA:

  • varies for different taxa
  • has distinct conservation implications
24
Q

3 threatened categories

A

Critically endangered
Endangered
Vulnerable

25
Q

Endangered species conservation

A

Trying to preserve single species threatened with extinction

26
Q

Umbrella species conservation

A

When habitat is preserved to meet needs of an ‘umbrella species’, it helps preserve habitat for many other species (primary species serve as protective ‘umbrella’ for others)
eg large species with huge area requirements, pretty ones to win public affection, keystone species

27
Q

key species

A

plays crucial role in how the ecosystem functions

28
Q

Categories of species vulnerable to extinction

PEERWISE

A 
only occur in threatened habitats
Economically valuable to humans
Don't have experience of disturbance
Evolved in isolation within a limited community without human contact
Lack long distance dispersal mechanisms
Require large home ranges
Short lived
Low adult survival rae
Low genetic variability
Low intrinsic growth rate
29
Q

Conserving what type of areas is a sensible approach

A

conserving areas that protect many species at once

30
Q

How could climate change affect biod hotspots

A

change location

31
Q

BIggest contributor to biod loss

A

loss of habitat

32
Q

What is key to protection of biod (technique)

A

establishment of protected areas

33
Q

Argument for large reserves

A

large, far-ranging animals with low-density populations need extensive habitats

34
Q

Argument for smaller reserves

A

more realistic

Slow spread of disease

35
Q

Reserve design principles based on island biogeography theory

A
  1. Large reserves better than small ones
  2. Single large one better than groups of smaller one of equivalent total area
  3. Reserves close together better
  4. Circular reserves better than long thin ones
  5. Reserves connected by a corridor better
36
Q

Saving individual species (population approach)

A

More common in the past but still ongoing

Offered good PR but let too many others go extinct

37
Q

Conserving whole ecosystems or landscapes

A

Based on increased awareness of the importance of species interactions (can’t save one without all)
And incr awareness about ecosystem service

38
Q

benefits from ecoystems- goods and services

A

Service values new tool

Ecosystem services encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems and their species help sustain human life

Ecosystems on such a large scale and so complex that they can’t be replicated using technology

39
Q

Ecosystem services categories

A

supporting, provisioning, regulating cultural

40
Q

Supporting services

A

Underlying support for all services eg PS, soil formation, nutrient cycling

41
Q

Provisioning services

A

food, fuel water

42
Q

Regulating services

A

Benefits from ecosystem processes that regulate

eg climate, floods, disease, water quality

43
Q

Cultural services

A

eg recreation, tourism, ethical values

44
Q

scales of ecosystem services

A

global, landscape, community

field, plot or individual person scale

45
Q

global scale

A 
carbon sequestration (removal )
climate change
46
Q

Landscape scale

A

water purification, erosion control

47
Q

community scale

A

crop pollination, pest control

48
Q

Field plot or individual person

A

local nutrients, disease and pest preventions

49
Q

Approach to protect a species might conflict with..

A

alternative profitable use of a land

50
Q

tragedy of the commons

A
  • people assume ecosystems are free ‘public goods’: leads to overexploitation and ‘selfish’ behaviours
  • valuation shows ecosystem service have value of over 33 trillion USD per year

BB10205 (16 decks)

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