Consequences Of Chronic Cough Flashcards
What is a Pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural cavity
What counts as a small pneumothorax?
Anything under 2cm
What is a large pneumothorax?
Anything greater than 2cm
How does a pneumothorax occcur?
Penetrating injury to the parietal pleura or rupture to the visceral pleura.
What happens tonight h lung after a pneumothorax has occurred?
The vaccine is lost and the elastic tissue of the lung recoils towards the lung root.
How is a pneumothorax diagnosed?
Taking a history
Examination
CXR investigation
What would be found during the examination if there was a pneumothorax?
Reduced ipsilateral chest expansion and breath sounds. Along with hyper resonance on percussion.
What would be seen on the CXR of someone with a pneumothorax?
Absent lung markings peripherally as well as a visible lung edge.
What happens during a tension pneumothorax?
As the amount of air in the pleural space increases, the lung collapses towards the route.
Eventually the air build up puts pressure on the mediastinal structures.
What is seen in a mediastinal shift as a result of a tension pneumothorax?
Tracheal deviation away from side of unilateral tension pneumothorax.
Hypotension and SPV is compressed which reduces the venous return to the heart.
How should a tension pneumothorax be managed?
Needle aspiration (thoracentisis) Siting of a chest drain
For both needle aspiration and chest drain where should they be placed and what do the go through.
4th and 5th intercostal space through the midaxillary line.
Goes through skin, superficial/deep fascia, 3 layers of intercostal muscles as well as the parietal pleura.
Where is the safe triangle?
Anterior border of latisimus Doris, posterior border of pec maj.
the axial line is superior to the nipple.
Where should the needle be entered?
Middle of intercostal space between the intercostal and collateral NVB
What is the emergency management of a pneumothorax?
Inserting a large gauge cannula in to the pleural cavity via the 2nd or 3rd intercostal space in the mid clavicular line.
What 2 factors are important in hernia development?
Weakness in structure
Increased pressure on one side of that part of wall
Where are the weaknesses in the diaphragm likely to result in hernia?
Attachments at the Xiphoid
The posterior attachments
The oesophageal hiatus
What is a para-oesophageal hiatus hernia?
Herniated pet of the stomach moves up through the oesophageal hiatus to become parallel to the oesophagus in the chest.
What is a sliding hiatus hernia?
The herniated pet of the stomach slides through the oesophageal hiatus into the chest with the gastro-oesophageal junction.
Where is the inguinal region?
Runs from ASIS and pubic tubercle.
What do the inguinal ligaments make up?
The inferior borders of the external oblique aponeurosis.
What are the inguinal canals?
4cm long tubes made from the medial halves of the floors of the inguinal canals.
Where is the enterence to the inguinal canal?
The deep ring
Where is the exit of the inguinal canal?
The superficial ring
Where is the v shaped defect?
The external oblique aponeurosis lying superolateral to public tubercle
Where is the deep ring located?
Superior to the midpoint of the inguinal canal
Where does an inguinal hernia occur?
From the medial half of the inguinal region.
Can be unilateral or bilateral.
What is the weakness from the inguinal hernia a result of?
The presence of the inguinal canal in the inguinal part of the anterolateral abdominal wall
