Consciousness Sleep and Learning Flashcards
go thu lec recording of that colourful ass slide like halfway thru xx
what is fMRI
functional magnetic resonance imaging
what does fMRI measure
‘Blood Oxygen Level Dependent’ Signal
fMRI strengths - 4
functional
in real time
good spacial resolution
no radiation
fMRI limitations -3
poor temporal resolution
subject is very restricted
aversive environment
what is the resting state
State against which activation of brains
regions is compared in imaging research - aka a baseline
after some years of research we found out this isnt actually a thing (cant ever not thing of anything)
what is the most energy-hungry organ
bren duh
brain is what % of body weight
2
what % of energy use in adults is brain
20
what % if energy in children is brain
40
being extra active adds how much % energy cinsumption
10 max
what is default mode network
more active during resting states and internally focused thoughts (like daydreaming or introspection) and less active when engaged in externally focused tasks - stimulus independent thoughts
where is default mode network
medial cortical regions - frontal temporal, parietal
what is Paradoxical Functional
Facilitation
turning down A (mainly prefrontal cortex) or damage to A, enhances B
(A and B being functions)
seems to be related to creativity
Default Mode Network (Medial Cortical Regions) are inhibited
by prefrontal regions when engaged in a task, especially ___
language
(when talking, thinking about what ur saying or saying next, other functions shut down)
default mode network inhibiting is weakened when
with age
default mode network inhibiting is impaired in certain dementias - 2 examples
frontotemporal dementia (picks disease)
primary progressive aphasia
thus, what is a rare unrecognised early sign of onset of dementia
sudden, intense, repetitive creativity
what is Frontotemporal dementia
most common form of dementia in patients under 65 (but still rare)
often restricted to 1 hemisphere
lots of variance in presentation
Frontotemporal dementia - ___ have known familial cause
20%
Frontotemporal dementia - ___ have strong family history
40%
Frontotemporal dementia poor outlook - why (2)
limited treatment options
slow progression
Frontotemporal dementia presentation - 6
prog deterioration of behaviour or cog
behavioural disinhibition
apathy/inertia
loss of sympathy/ empathy
decline of executive function - verbal/language impairment, memory usually not affected
changes in diet
NOT PSYCHIATRICCCCCC
Frontotemporal dementia case study
anne adams
cell biologist
quit science in mid-40s, decided to become a painter - painted obsessively with repetitive motifs
diagnosed with a form of Frontotemporal dementia
____% of people with bvFTD (Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia) have committed a crime
57
what occurs in Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
inetgration of gut and logic:
decision making based on moral judgement, emotion, values, self- referential (decisions about ourselves), impulse
what is propofol
common general anaesthetic
how does propofol work
maayyyybe via GABA? we dont rly know
what is diethyl ether
first general anaesthesia
disorders of consciousness - 6
coma
vegetative state
delirium
hallucinations
dementia
temporal lobe epilepsy
what is temporal lobe epilepsy - 3 types of seizures
simple partial seizures
complex partial seizures
secondarily generalised tonic-clonic seizures
what is epilepsy
Synchronous (abnormal) firing of
large groups of neurons
what is EEG
Electroencephalography
what is Electroencephalography (EEG)
measures electrical activity in cerebral cortex
(measures groups of neurons firing tgt, not really action potentials)
measures characteristics waves - oscillations
temporal, not spatial
temporal vs spacial
Temporal brain activity refers to the timing and sequencing of neural events, while spatial brain activity concerns the location and distribution of those events across brain regions
what are simple partial seizures
no loss of consciousness
a sense
emotional, auditory, olfactory, gustatory
deja vu
what are complex partial seizures
most common type of seizure in TLE
imapired consciousness
unusual behaviour
automatisms - lip smacking
what are secondarily generalised tonic-clonic seizures
extends beyond temporal lobe
full blown seizure
personality traits in TLE together name
geschwind syndrome - not restricted to seizure phase
geschwind syndrome - 7 aspects
hypergraphia
hypo sexuality
emotional viscosity/ stickiness
turbulent emotions
mood swings
psychotic and quasi psychotic phenomena
hyper religiosity
hypergraphia meaning
writes copiously (not necessarily in a creative way) and keep voluminous diaries
hypo sexuality meaning
decreased interest in sexual matters often resulting in marital disharmony
emotional viscosity or stickiness meaning
anxiety, obsessionality, dwelling on minor matters, difficulty in terminating conversations, inc interest in spiritual or ideational issues in absence of pragmatic interests
turbulent emotions meaning
irritability, agitation, anxiety, restlessness, paranoia
mood swings meaning
more commonly depression or dysphoria with occasional elation
psychotic and quasi-psychotic phenomena meaning
intermittent hallucinations, delusional thinking, etc
hyper religiosity meaning
very religious , often ritualistically so, out of sync with family or culture
there is a hypothesis that TLE contributes to - (2)
artists and intense religious experiences
in sleep, everything except what is turned off
thalamocortical section in cortex - third order neuron
stages of sleep -2
rapid eye movement sleep REM
non-rem sleep
stages of no rem sleep
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
compare NREM vs REM
NREM = early night, less deep
REM = late night, deeper sleep
(but go back n forth between two throughout night)
what happens in non rem sleep - 3
- Processing the days experience
- Consolidating memories, especially declarative memories
- Clear out the Hippocampus, long term memories eventually stored in the cortex
what happens in rem sleep
integrating new memories with existing
emotional processing of new memories
dreaming
what happens when we dream
cognitively acting out memories and experiences
brain very active but body is not - thalamus prevents outgoing motor commands, muscle atonia
wtf is muscle atonia
refers to the temporary loss of muscle tone or paralysis of skeletal muscles, esp during rem sleep
what does sleep deprivation lead to - 4
drastically impaired learning as failure to clear temporary store in hippocampus
atrophy - smaller hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
DEATH???
fatal familial insomnia
what is fatal familial insomnia
rare genetic disorder
progressive neurodegeneration of thalamus
symptoms develop mid adulthood
die from lack of sleep
how does alcohol impair sleep - 5
initally causes sedation (quicker to sleep and reach NREM3)
reduces REM
over relaxes certain muscles - snoring, resulting in waking up more often
rebound effects of alcohol metabolism cause wakefulness
impairs memory
