association cortices Flashcards
add diagrams to notion of where to find each white matter tract type
cortex vs lobe
cortex = thin outer covering of lobe - esp temporal lobe
insula/ insular cortex
(lec recording)
simple function is disgust
what are brodmann areas
map of cortex
who first mapped Brodmann areas
Korbinian Brodmann - histology variation discovery, observed via microscope - diff strcutures, diff functions
how many Brodmann areas are there
52 regions, some are subdivided
brodmann area 17
primary visual cortex
brodmann area 37
fusiform face area is part of area 37
association cortices ___ the primary cortices
are not
Posterior Parietal Cortex function
finding loc of sensory info
important for attention
– Especially spatial attention
– Integrates visual, auditory and somatosensory info
Damage results in “neglect” of incoming sensory info
e.g. hemineglect
what brodmann areas make up Posterior Parietal Cortex
Brodmann areas 5,7,39,40
what is neglect
a sign of posterior Parietal cortex damage
what are the 4 types of neglect
sensory neglect
conceptual neglect
hemiasomatognosia
motor neglect
what is sensory neglect
incoming sensory info from contralateral hemisphere is ignored
what is conceptual neglect
neglect of body and external world in the contralateral hemifield
what is hemiasomatognosia
pt denies part of body affected belongs to them
what is motor neglect
fewer movements in contralateral space
what is agnosia
or loss of knowledge is an inability to
recognize sensory stimuli
caused by inferior or middle temporal cortex damage
3 types of angosia
visual agnosia (inferior)
prosopagnosia (inferior)
movement agnosia (middle)
what is visual agnosia
pt can see but not identify but can potentially still interact normally with item
what is prosopagnosia
face blindness
what is movement agnosia
cannot distinguish between moving and stationary
The McGurk Effect
subconsious, even if person knows it is different
vision is mostly dominant sense in humans
large variation in how people experience it
reduced in Dyslexia, Autism
prosopagnosia is associated with impaired function of which Brodmann area/areas
37
role of frontal cortex
selecting and planning an appropriate response
the prefrontal cortex is rostral to
primary motor cortex (these are the two parts of the frontal cortex
the prefrontal cortex develops when
late, 20-30
(is why many mental health conditions develop late)
the dorsal part of the frontal cortex regulates
thoughts, attention
the ventral part of the frontal cortex regulates
emotions
prefrontal cortex roles - 3
restraint
initiative
order
restraint
role of prefrontal cortex
judgement, foresight, inhibiting inappropriate actions, concentration
initiative
role of prefrontal cortex
drive
creativity
curiosity
personality
flexibility
order
role of prefrontal cortex
planning
abstract reasoning
working memory
attention
damage to frontal cortex damage can potentially cause (depending on area that is damaged) (12)
difficulty planning sequence needed to complete a task (working memory)
loss of spontaneous interactions
loss of flexibility in thought
perseveration - persistence of a single thought or action
inability to focus on the task at hand - erraticness
emotional lability
abulia - passivity, apathy
socially inappropriate behaviour
personality change
difficulty problem solving
epressive aphasia
hemiplegia
what is aphasia
a condition that makes it hard to speak or write words, even though someone understands what they want to say
what is hemiphlegia
paralysis that affects only one side of your body
where is executive functioning
in prefrontal cortex
what is executive functioning
long term planning
withholding impulsive behaviours
cognitive control
significant in many pathologies - addiction, personality disorders, dementia
what are white matter tracts
connect the association cortices
myelinated neurons
poorly understood, not easy to see - needs diffusion tensor imaging
what are association fibres
white matter tracts
connect cortical areas in the same hemisphere
example of association fibres
superior longitudinal fasciculus
covers lots of area in the brain
what are commissural fibres
white matter tracts
connect across hemispheres
e.g. corpus callosum - connects two hemispheres
what are projection fibres
white matter tracts
connect cortex to other brain regions
what is language/ what is the process
form of sensory info
cortical areas working together:
temporal cortex - what is it aka what am i hearing (after primary auditory cortex processing)
frontal cortex - what am i going to do aka what do i say (sends to motor cortex
muscles in face/throat move to speak back
what is dysarthria
difficulty moving the muscles of face and tongue that mediate speaking, and therefore speech
musculoskeletal issue
what is aphasia
difficulty in naming objects , repitition of words is impaired - there are different types
difficulty with language
what brodmann areas are primary auditory cortex and where are they found
41 and 42
on posterior superior temporal gyrus
what is wernicke’s area/ what brodmann area
recognition of language/ understanding language
brodmann area 22 - is found next to primary auditory cortex
what is wernicke’s aphasia
inability/ difficulty to understand language
fluent speech but no sense (if Broca’s area is intact)
little repetition
adequate syntax and grammar
also called fluent, sensory or receptive aphasia
cause of wernicke’s aphasia
damage to said area
often as result of stroke sometimes alzheimers
what is broca’s area/ what brodmann areas
creating language
44+45
what is broca’s aphasia
few problems understanding language (if wernicke’s area is intact)
difficulty contructing own language
repetitive
disordered syntax + grammar + structure of individual words
also called non-fluent, motor, expressive, production aphasia
cause of broca’s aphasia
damage to broca’s aphasia
often as result of stroke
different branches of the middle cerebral artery
for lamguage we are mostly ___ hemisphere dominant
left
wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia: regions?
wernickes = temporal
brocas = frontal
wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia: main symptom?
wernickes = unable to understand language, fluent speech that does not make sense
brocas area = understands language but cannot structure own, halting speech that somewhat makes sense - self aware
wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia: repetition?
wernickes = little repetition
brocas = repetitive
wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia: syntax?
wernickes = adequate
brocas = disordered
wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia: grammar?
wernickes = adequate
brocas = disordered
aphasias affect
language - reading, writing, sign language
not convo cues, body language
what is arcuate fasiculus
white matter tract
connects broca’s and wernicke’s areas
arcuate fasiculus is comprised of
association fibres (as diff parts of same hemisphere of brain)
