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neuro - yr 2 > consciousness > Flashcards

consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

define consciousness *

A

the subject experience of the mind, self and world around us

the state of being aware of and responsive to one’s surroundings

that there is something it is like to be in the state of the subjective or 1st person point of view

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2
Q

what is the challenge of consciousness *

A

the easy problem - how does the brain do behaviour etc from basic machinery

hard problem - why should that feel like anything, the 1st person conscious experience

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3
Q

what are the 3 elements of consciousness *

A

level - asleep/awake -

content - look awake but content can range from noting to a rich experience, specific awareness of mental states

self - confidence that we are us

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4
Q

describe the content and level of coma *

A

low both

eyes not open

no awareness

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5
Q

describe the content and level of vegitative state *

A

level - high - eyes open

low content

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6
Q

describe the content and level of locked in syndrome *

A

high level and content

just paralysed - motor problem

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7
Q

describle level and content of minimally conscious state eg dementia *

A

variable and reproducible minimal degree of consciousness

high level

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8
Q

describe level and content of sleep *

A

level and content gets lower as sleep deeper

REM - level (eyes closed but moving), rish content - dreams

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9
Q

describe how the RAS is involved in consciousness *

A

regulates vital func

degree of activity is associated with alertness/level of consciousness

reticular formation projects to hypothalamus, thal and cortex

recieves sensory info from ascending tracts (touch and pain), medial vestibular nucleus (vestibular), inferior colliculus (auditory), superior colliculus (vision), medial forebrain bundle (olfactory)

the ventral tegmental area projects dopaminergic neurons to cortex

locus coeruleus projects noradrenergic neurons to cortex

cholinergic neurons project to thalamus - most important for arousal, increase level of activity in cortex via the thalamus

raphe nuclei send serotonergic projections to brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

how is the thalamus involved in consciousness *

A

cholinergic neurons excite individual thalamic relay nuclei = activation of cortex

cholinergic neurons project to intralaminar nuclei - project to all levels of the cortex

cholinergic neurons project to reticular nucleus - allow other thalamic nuclei info to the cortex

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11
Q

how is the hypothalmus involved in consciousness *

A

histaminergic tuberomamillary nucleus projects to cortex

involve

d in maintaining awake state

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12
Q

what is the term explaining where consciousness is *

A

thalamocortical system

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13
Q

what is it abount neurons that control consciousness *

A

unlikely to be location

number - not that simple - cerebellum has loads, but still conscious w/o it

dynamics of neural activity - way they interact and their action overtime as a collective

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14
Q

what is integration *

A

unification of brain activity

brain activity overtime is corralated

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15
Q

what is differentiation *

A

brain activity doing different things - account for the range of things that we experience

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16
Q

what are te 2 types of brain processing involved in consciousness

A

feed forward - subliminal/non-consciousness

top down recurrent processing - conscious access

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17
Q

what are the brain networks involved in consciousness *

A

occipital cortex - visual

frontal and parietal - problem solving

default mode network - idea of self, mind wandering, own thoughts - related to the limbic system - posterior cingulate and precuneus important

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18
Q

how can you measure consciousness

A

use transcranial magnetic stimulation

measure complexity of EEG after TMS - give idea of consciousness

need complexity to have the rich experience

perturbation complexity index - complexity increases wit level of consciousness eg in locked in syndrome similar to being awake

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19
Q

what are te neural correlates of consciousness *

A

minimal neural mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one specific conscious experience

primarily localised to posterior central hot zone tat includes sensory areas

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20
Q

what is a coma *

A

absent wakefullness and absent awareness

unarousable unresponsiveness, lasting>6yrs

  • cannot be awakened
  • no response to pain ligt or sound
  • lack normal sleep wake cycle
  • does not initiate voluntary actions
21
Q

what is vegetative state *

A

wakefulness with absent awareness

preserved capacity for spontaneous or stim induced arousal, sleep wake cycles and reflexive/spontaneous behaviours

complete absence of behavioural evidence for self- or env awareness

22
Q

what is minimally conscious state *

A

wakefulness wit minimal awareness

severely altered consciousness

minimal but clear behavioural evidence of self or env awareness is demonstrated

inconsistant but reproducable responses above level of spontaneous or reflexive behavior - indicate some degree of interaction with their surroundings

23
Q

cause of locked in syndrome

A

MND

guillain-barre syndrome

24
Q

what is the area of te brain affected in veg state *

A

destruction of cortex and hemispheres

intact RAS

25
Q

area of brain affected in LIS *

A

in-tact cortex

ascending reticular activating system

damage to ventral pons

26
Q

area of brain damaged in brain stem death *

A

irreversible brain stem damage

27
Q

describe covert awareness in disorders of consciousness *

A

although no visible sign of consciousness - pt can thonk the correct answer to yes/no qns - still conscious

therefore need to think if we need pain relief or develop a brain-computor interface

28
Q

describe neglect *

A

body no longer conscious of other half of body - removed from perception eg cant identify the middle of a line/only draw clock on 1 side

higher order than a visual defect

sensory neglect - prefer the side tey can percieve, lower order sensory cortex fine but loss of perception of reality higher order

29
Q

describe the interpretation of EEGs *

A

delta waves <4Hz sleep

theta 4-8Hz

alpa 8-13

B 13-30 normal waking consciousness

gamma - 40

slowing is bad (delta and theta)

alpha normal when eyes closed - especially from posterior electrodes - posterior dominant rhythm - loss of this is bad

used in diagnosis of epilepsy and non convulsive satus (siezures with no convulsions - last for hours or days)

waves slow as go through stages of sleep

30
Q

what are the points of glasgow coma scale *

A

picture of scale

localisation of pain - reach and touch where pain is

flexor - arms in

extensor - arms out

31
Q

what are the metabolic causes of coma *

A

drug overdose

hypoglycaemia

diabetes - hyperglycaemia

the failures

hypercalcaemia

32
Q

diffuse intracranial cause of coma *

A

head injury

meningitis

subarachnoid haemorrhage

encephalitis

epilepsy

hypoxic brain injury

brainstem stroke

33
Q

hemisphere lesion cause of coma *

A

cerebral infarct

cerebral haemorrhage - subdural/extradural

abscess

tumour

34
Q

brainstem cause of haemorrhagic stroke *

A

infarct

tumour

abscess

cerebellar haemorrage

cerebellar infarct

35
Q

scan of extradural haemorrhage *

A

above dura

elliptical

36
Q

scan of subdural haemorrage *

A

alongside brain - moon crescent

37
Q

describe loss of consciousness in extradural haemorrhage *

A

lose immediately - concussion

lucid interval where fine

lose consciousness again because of rise in intracranial pressure

38
Q

describe diffuse axonal injury *

A

head moves eg hemispheres in oppositee dirns - damage to white matter eg corpus collosum

see with gradient echo/suseptibilty weighted imaging - black dots show blood next to the white matter tract

39
Q

why do posterior brainlesions affect consciousness *

A

compress the brain stem

40
Q

why do bilateral medial thalamic infarcts affect consciousness *

A

mess with thalamocortical system

41
Q

dexcribe confusion *

A

mental processes slowed

inattentive or disorientated

difficulty carrying out simple commands or speaking

42
Q

describe stupor *

A

only roused by strong sensory stim

43
Q

describe brain death *

A

irreversible coma

no brainstem reflexes or response to hypercapnia

eeg not diagnostic

spinal reflexes adn postural movenents might be presnet

44
Q

effect of lesion to extra-striate cortex *

A

loss of colour perception

45
Q

effect of parietal lesions *

A

lack of awareness in contralateral visual field

46
Q

is the visual cortex essential for consciousness *

A

need it to see

but visual cortex can respond to stimuli it doesnt detect

47
Q

what is essential for consciousness *

A

feed-forward relay from senses to prefrontal and parietal cortex

and feedback to sensory cortices

content emerges from feedback across brain regions

48
Q

describe EEG throug sleep *

A

awake - B wabes

drowsy - A

N1 sleep- theta

N2 - sleep spindles

N3 - delta

REM - fast and random

neuro - yr 2 (24 decks)

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