cellular organisation in the CNS

Question 1

label and identify the part of the brainstem

Answer 1

midbrain

1 inferior colliculus (this is the main auditory centre for the body)

2 cerebral aqueduct

3 substantia nigra

4 cerebral peduncles

Question 2

label image and identofy the part of the brainstem

Answer 2

Pons

1 4th ventricle

2 middle cerebrallar peduncle

3 transverse fibres

Question 3

name the part of the brainstem and label

Answer 3

upper medulla

1- 4th ventricle

2 - inferior olivary nucleus

3 - pyramids

Question 4

name the part of the brainstem and label

Answer 4

lower medulla

1 - dorsal columns

2 - central canal

3 - pyramidal decussation

Question 5

associate the folowing symptoms with teh nueroanatomical areas in the picture when they are affected by lateral medullary syndrome:

Vertigo

Ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia

Ipsilateral loss of pain/thermal sense (face)

Horner’s syndrome

Hoarseness, difficulty in swallowing

Contralateral loss of pain/thermal sense (trunk and limbs)

Answer 5

thrombosis of vertebral artery/posterior inferior cerebella artery - blood clot stop flow into the area
vertigo - because vestibular nerve is affected therefore lose balance perception
loss of balance because of inferior cerebral peduncle - fibre from spinal cord
ipsilateral cerebral ataxia - unsteady on feet
hoarseness/difficulty in swallowing - loss innervation to throat because N ambiguous affected
ipsilateral loss of pain/thermal sense - face because of spinal nuclei of the peduncle
contralateral loss of pain/thermal sense - spinothalamic tract affected
horner’s syndrome - loss of SNS innervation because sympathetic tract is affected - pinpoint pupil, reduced sweating

Question 6

function of the inferior olive

Answer 6

assits in cerebellar motor functioning and learning

Question 7

function of the superior colliculus

Answer 7

multi-layered, multi functional - recieves a lot of sensory info - eg upper layer recieves visual signals from eye

Question 8

function of the locus coeruleus

Answer 8

regulate the amount of NA in teh forebrain

Question 9

idengtify 3 differences between cervical amd lumbar sections of spinal cord

Answer 9

cervical is bigger and rounder

more white matter the further up you go ie in cervical because all teh ascending and descending tracts must pass through the top

the cuneate fasciculus is present at the top - dorsal column supplying the upper limbs for touch and proprioception

Question 10

What anatomical feature distinguishes the thoracic sections from other levels of the cord?

Answer 10

it has the intermediolateral column - for the SNS, presympathetic ganglionic nerve cells

also teh ventral horn is smaller in the thoracic region -less musculature in the thorax so less grey matter

Question 11

why is the pyramidal layer of the cortex thicker in the motor region than in the sensory

Answer 11

the motor pyramidal neurons havge a large cell body becasue the axons from these can go from the cortex to the bottom of the spinal cord, ie are very long

Question 12

describe layer 1 of the cortex

Answer 12

very few nuclei

just connecting fibres

Question 13

what is the effect of B-amyloid deposits in the cortex

Answer 13

in the grey matter - disturbs everything - cause alzheimer’s