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Introduction to psychology > Consciousness > Flashcards

Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of consciousness?

A

Ones subjective experience of the world, resulting from brain activity.

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of unresponsive wakefullness syndrome?

A

People appear to have emerged from coma, yet do not respond to external stimuli for more than a month (vegetative state)
-minimally conscious state

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3
Q

Explain brain death.

A

No activity in any region of the brain.

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of the locked-in syndrome?

A

All/nearly all of a persons voluntary muscles are paralyzed.

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5
Q

Explain and give an examples of automatic and controlled processing.

A

Automatic - driving

Controlled - driving during a rainstorm

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6
Q

When does an object produce stronger attentional response?

A

When it is socially relevant.

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7
Q

How is the failure to notice large changes in ones environment called?

A

Change blindness.

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8
Q

What is the idea behind the “Global workspace theory”?

A

Consciousness occurs when different brain areas form coalitions.

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9
Q

What is subliminal perception?

A

Perception that occurs when stimuli get processed by sensory systems but do not reach consciousness.

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10
Q

How is the biological pattern influenced by the regular cycles of light and dark called?

A

Circadian rhythm.

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11
Q

Which part of the brain detects information about light?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus.

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12
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland to induce sleep?

A

Melatonin.

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13
Q

Describe the sleep cycle.

A

Beta waves = awake
Alpha waves = strong focus, closed eyes (just before sleep)

  1. Theta waves = light sleep (falling, fantastical images)
  2. Theta waves + sleep spindles + K complex (asleep)
      1. Delta waves = deep sleep
        REM sleep

After approx 90 minutes the sleep cycle repeats.

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14
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

Stage of sleep. Rapid eye movements, paralysis of motor systems, dreaming.

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15
Q

Which sleep disorder is best described by inability to sleep + causing significant problems in daily living?

A

Insomnia.

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of narcolepsy?

A

People experience excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours, sometimes collapsing.

17
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea is:

A

A disorder in which a person (asleep) stops breathing because their throat closes.

18
Q

What is somnambulism?

A

Sleepwalking.

19
Q

What are the three theories that aim to answer the question of why we sleep?

A
  1. Restorative theory (body + brain rest and repair themselves)
  2. Circadian rhythm theory (evolution)
  3. Facilitation of learning (neural connections made during the day are strengthened during sleep)
20
Q

How do REM dreams and non-REM dreams differ?

A

REM - vivid, intense emotions, bizzare

non-REM - dull

21
Q

Which parts of the brain are activated/deactivated during REM sleep?

A

Activated - amygdala, visual association areas, motor cortex, brain stem
Deactivated - prefrontal cortex (ratio, self-awareness)

22
Q

Explain the activation synthesis theory.

A

A theory of dreaming proposes that the brain tries to make sense of random brain activity that occurs during sleep by synthesizing the activity with stored memories.

23
Q

Explain the sociocognitive theory of hypnosis.

A

Hypnotized people behave as they expect hypnotized people to behave.

24
Q

Hypnotic analgesia:

A

Form of pain reduction.

25
Q

Describe the effect of stimulants, give examples and explain which neurotransmitter systems they affect.

A

Increased behavioral and mental activity, activation of sympathetic NS.

  • amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine
  • dopamine, norepinephrine, ACh
26
Q

Describe the effect of depressants, give examples and explain which neurotransmitter systems they affect.

A

Decreased behavioral and mental activity.

  • alcohol, anti-anxiety drugs
  • GABA
27
Q

Describe the effect of opioids, give examples and explain which neurotransmitter systems they affect.

A

Reduction of pain, pleasure.

  • heroine, morphine, codeine
  • endorphins
28
Q

Describe the effect of psychedelics, give examples and explain which neurotransmitter systems they affect.

A

Alter thoughts or perceptions.

  • lsd, shrooms, peyote, psilocybin
  • serotonin
29
Q

Which neurotransmitter affects/causes addiction and how?

A

Increased dopamine in synapses.

30
Q

Which part of the brain causes the sensation of “craving”?

A

Insula.

Introduction to psychology (14 decks)

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