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Ethics > Conscience > Flashcards

Conscience Flashcards

1
Q

Who are the key philosophers for Conscience

A

Aquinas & Freud

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2
Q

What approach does Aquinas take for Conscience

A

Theological approach

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3
Q

What is the Theological approach

A

A religious approach

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4
Q

What does Freud say about religion

A

He claims religion is a mental illness and has a secular view

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5
Q

What does Fletcher say about Conscience

A

Fletcher does not believe that conscience is exists, in the sense that it is a function; not a faculty

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6
Q

What were Fletcher’s Six Fundamental Principles

A

Justice is love distributed

Ends justify the means

Neighbours good is will by love (love thy neighbour)

Norm of Christian love

Intrinsically, love is the only absolute

Situationally love is acted out, not prescriptively

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7
Q

What is conscience considered as in Islam

A

In Islam conscience is considered surrendering to the will of Allah

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8
Q

What do Sufi Muslims believe about conscience

A

Sufi Muslims believe people have an individual awareness of conscience that gets your soul ready for illumination

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9
Q

What do Christians believe about conscience

A

Christians believe our conscience is the voice of God speaking to us

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10
Q

What does Butler say about Conscience

A

Conscience is a guide given by God but it’s still intuitive and pushes us to benevolence

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11
Q

What is Butler’s approach

A

Theological

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12
Q

Who does Butler agree with about Conscience

A

He agrees with Aquinas that conscience determines and judges rightness and wrongness of actions

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13
Q

What did Newman believe about Conscience

A

Newman believed conscience was the Voice of God

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14
Q

Which two philosophers believed in Practical Reason

A

Aquinas & Aristotle

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15
Q

What is Practical Reason also known as

A

Prudence

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16
Q

What types of reasoning behind Conscience does Aquinas believe in

A

Aquinas believes in both religious and practical reasoning behind conscience

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17
Q

What did Fletcher say about Conscience

A

‘Function not a faculty’ and “There is no conscience, ‘conscience’ is merely a word for our attempts to make decisions creatively, constructively, fittingly”

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18
Q

What does Fletcher’s view of Conscience link to

A

Fletcher’s views of conscience link to his situational views due to the fact that is flexible and able to be used in each situation

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19
Q

What does Aquinas believe in

A

Practica Ratio

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20
Q

What does Practica Ratio state about reason

A

Ratio is reason placed in everyone by God

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21
Q

What does Aquinas state in Summa Theologica

A

‘Properly speaking, conscience is not a power, but an act… The word conscience comes from ‘cum alio scientia’, that is knowledge applied to an individual case… conscience is ant act’

22
Q

What does Freud’s Theory of Religion say about religion

A

Describes religion as an illusion

23
Q

What does Freud think all humans are driven by

A

Think all humans are driven by libedo

24
Q

What link did Freud make to Neurosis through Religion

A

He noticed similarities in patients and the source of their obsession and religious people and object of their worship highly specific ritual behaviour (e.g. OCD)

25
Q

What does the Oedipus Complex represent

A

The idea of repression of conflict and guilt

26
Q

What does the Oedipus Complex say about sexual trauma and religion

A

Buried trauma can reappear in the form of religion

27
Q

Who created the Primal Horde Theory

A

Freud

28
Q

What does the Oedipus Complex say about unconscious sexual desire

A

This is typically an unconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and the wish to exclude the parent of the same sex

29
Q

Why does Freud say unconscious sexual desires are often repressed

A

These feelings are often repressed and made unconscious because of the fear of punishment by the parents of the same sex

30
Q

What are some examples of the Oedipus Complex

A

A son being possessive of his mother and telling his father not to touch her
A child who insists on sleeping in between parents
A daughter declaring she wants to marry her father when she grows up

31
Q

What book did Darwin write in 1859

A

Origin of Species

32
Q

What does Darwin say in Origin of Species 1859 about reproduction

A

Individuals with characteristics most suited to their environment have a higher chance of survival and more chances to reproduce

33
Q

Which philosopher came up with the Primal Horde Theory

A

Freud

34
Q

Define Totem

A

A totem is passed down hereditary and is a symbol of human’s affiliation with animals/plants/inanimate objects

35
Q

Define Taboo

A

A strong unconscious inclination

36
Q

Define Paternal Authority

A

The theory is that a child forms a strong attachment with a parent of the opposite sex and has feelings of competition towards their same-sex parent

37
Q

Define Monopolise

A

To obtain exclusive possession or control

38
Q

Who first established proposals for the Primal Horde Theory

A

Charles Darwin

39
Q

How does the Primal Horde Theory links back to the Oedipus Complex in relation to neurosis

A

The neurosis behind the Primal Horde Theory links back to the Oedipus Complex and its belief that the complex is said to be the root of religious belief

40
Q

What did Freud state people had to understand the process of in order to understand the Oedipus Complex

A

They must understand the processes behind the Primal Horde Theory

41
Q

What does Animism suggest about feelings of guilt

A

When suffering extreme guilt, the mind’s defence is to create idols (investing objects with spirits)

42
Q

What is the Oedipus Complex is named after

A

The Oedipus Complex is named after the mythical Oedipus, King of Thebes

43
Q

What was prophesied in Oedipus, King of Thebes

A

It was prophesied that he would kill his father and sleep with his mother

44
Q

How does Freud explain the development of monotheism

A

He refers back to childhood experiences such as: being dependent on our fathers and how despite he’s distant he still remains powerful and a figure of authority

45
Q

What does the ‘Id’ drive

A

Food, aggression & sex

46
Q

What does Freud say about the stages of sexual drive

A

A child is sexually driven goes through 3 stages

47
Q

What is this sexual drive also known as

A

Psycosexual development

48
Q

What are the three development stages that a child goes through

A

Oral Stage: love of being nursed at the breast

Anal Stage: love of being able to control bowels

Phallic Stage: fascinated by sexual organs

49
Q

What does Freud say Ego does to the Superego

A

Supergo punishes the ego with feelings of guilt

50
Q

What does Freud say the clash between the ‘Id’ ‘Ego’ and ‘Superego’ leads to

A

The clash between the ‘Id’ ‘Ego’ and ‘Superego’ leads to conscience and guilt

51
Q

What are Freud’s Four Stages of Conscience

A

The world restricts children’s desires
Humans create ego
Superego internalises anger & disapproval of others
The guilty conscience is created

52
Q

What was The Milgram Experiment

A

The Milgram experiment is a famous psychological study exploring the willingness of individuals to follow the orders of authorities when those orders conflict with the individual’s own moral judgement

Ethics (9 decks)

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