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202: Histology I > Connective Tissue and ECM ✅ > Flashcards

Connective Tissue and ECM ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of connective tissues

A

Fat and other soft padding tissue

Bone

Tendon

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2
Q

What are the main components of connective tissue?

A

Cells

Extracellular matrix (ECM)
-protein fibers- collagen, elastic, reticular
-ground molecules- amorphous component with specialized molecules

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3
Q

How does the dispersal of cells of connective tissues in the ECM compared to epithelial cells?

A

More widely dispersed in the ECM for cells of connective tissues

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4
Q

ECM overview in connective tissue

A

Mixture of fibers and ground substance

Determines physical properties of the tissue
->major role in function of tissue (amount and structure of each component correlates to tissue function)

Gives structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells

Produced and assembled under control of support cells
-mostly fibroblasts

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5
Q

What are the classifications of connective tissue?

A

Embryonic connective tissue

Connective tissue proper

Specialized connective tissue

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6
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme

-mucus connective tissue

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7
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Loose connective tissue

Dense connective tissue
-regular
-irregular

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8
Q

Specialized connective tissue

A

Cartilage

Bone

Adipose tissue

Blood

Hemopoietic tissue

Lymphatic tissue

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9
Q

What are the general functional features of connective tissue?

A

Support and connect tissues
-connective sheath (surrounds a muscle)
-tendons (attach muscles to bones)
-skeleton (supports positions of body)

Protection
-fibrous capsules and bones, protect fragile organs

Defense
-specialized cells in blood, defend from microorganisms that enter body

Nutrition
-transport gases, nutrients, waste & chemical messengers by blood and lymph

Insulation
-store energy as fat, contribute to thermal insulation by adipose cells

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10
Q

What form can cells in connective tissue be found in?

A

Active form
- ‘-blast’, dividing and secreting components of ground substance

Inactive form
- ‘-cyte’

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11
Q

Where do connective tissue cells derive from?

A

Mesenchyme (fetal supporting tissues)

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12
Q

Common function of connective tissue cells

A

Synthesis

Maintenance

Recycling of ECM material

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13
Q

Types of connective cell tissues

A

Fibroblasts
-secrete, maintain and recycle matrix in most tissues

Adipocytes
-modified support cells, specialized in storage and metabolism of fat
-together form adipose tissue

Chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes
-secrete and maintain matrix in cartilage and bone

Mast cells, tissue macrophages
-cells of innate immune system
-activated by chemicals of antigen

Lymphocytes
-cells of adaptive immune system
-activated by antigen

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14
Q

Fibroblast

A

Principal cell of connective tissue

Synthesizes
-collagen
-elastic fibers
-reticular fibers

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15
Q

Mast cells

A

Have many cytoplasmic granules
-contain chemical signals, histamine and heparin

When irritated or damaged, initiate a chemical response
-release histamine

Come from hematopoietic stem cells
-part of immune system

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16
Q

Macrophages

A

Large cells

Derive from a monocyte
-essential components of immune system

When stimulated, release cytokines
-small proteins, act as chemical messengers
-cytokines recruit other immune system cells to infected sites and stimulate their activities

Permanent residents of their tissues
-aside from blood

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17
Q

What types of fibers do fibroblasts produce?

A

Collagen fibers

Elastin fibers

Reticular fibers

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18
Q

Collagen fiber

A

Most abundant structural component of connective tissues

Most abundant protein in mammals (25-35%)

One fiber is mad of collagen fibrils

Secreted into ECM by fibroblasts
-in form of collagen molecule

Flexible, great tensile strength
-resist stretching
-gives ligaments and tendons their characteristic resilience

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19
Q

Components of collagen fiber

A
  1. Alpha-chain

Chains assemble->

  1. Procollagen peptidase
    -triple helix with loose ends

Assembly

  1. Collagen fibril
    -10-500nm

Assembly

  1. Collagen fibre
    -1-500 microm
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20
Q

How many types of collagen?

A

At least 28

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21
Q

Elastic fiber

A

Contains the protein elastin, with lesser amounts of other proteins (fibrillin) and glycoproteins
-returns to its original shape after being stretched or compressed
-allows tissues to respond to stretching/ distension

Synthesized by fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells

Prominent in elastic tissues found in
-skin
-walls of large blood vessels
-some ligaments that support spine

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22
Q

What is reticular fiber mostly made of?

A

Type III collagen

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23
Q

Reticular fiber

A

Synthesized by
-fibroblasts, some exceptions
-reticular cells, hemopoietic and lymphatic tissues

Found throughout
-most abundant in reticular tissue of soft organs eg liver, spleen
-anchor and give structural support to parenchyma (functional cells, blood vessels, nerves of organs)

In embryonic tissue and during wound healing
-indicator of tissue maturation

24
Q

Ground substance

A

Amorphous, gel-like substance
-in extracellular space that contains all components of ECM, except the fibers
-occupies the spaces between cells and fibers

High water content

Provides lube for collagen fibers

Secreted by fibroblasts

25
Q

What does ground substance consist predominantly of?

A

Proteoglycans

Glycosaminoglycan molecules (GAGs)

Multi adhesive glycoproteins

26
Q

Structural elements of connective tissue: flow chart

A

Cells
⬇️
Fibroblast
Macrophage
Mast cell
Plasma cell
Plasma cell
Lymphocytes
Leukocytes
Adipose cell

ECM
⬇️
Fibers
⬇️
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

ECM
⬇️
Ground substance
⬇️
Proteoglycans
GAGs
Multi adhesive glycoproteins

27
Q

General features of loose connective tissue

A

Loosely arranged fibers and abundant cells of various types

Primarily located under epithelia that cover body surfaces and line internal surfaces of the body

Most cells types are transient (respond to stimuli)

Site of inflammatory and immune reactions

28
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Loose connective tissue

Holds organs in place

Attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissue

29
Q

Reticular tissue

A

Loose connective tissue

Dominant in locations with high cellular content

30
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Loose connective tissue

Most common type of connective tissue in humans

31
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Fibers are the main matrix element
-fewer cells
-fibers mainly composed of type I collagen , between the collagen fibres are rows of fibroblasts
->forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments

Make up lower layers of dermis
-arranged in sheets

32
Q

Cartilage

A

Composed of chondrocytes
-make ECM, abundant in ground matrix
-embedded in cartilage matrix
-space they occupy= lacunae

Avascular
-nutrients need to diffuse through matrix to reach chondrocytes
-this is a factor of why cartilaginous tissue healing is very slow

33
Q

Cartilage types

A

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage

34
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common

Short, dispersed collagen fibres

Large amount of proteoglycans

In:
-rib cage
-nose
-covers bones where they meet moveable joints

35
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Tough
-due to thick bundles of collagen fibres dispersed through matrix

Eg- intervertebral disks

36
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Contains elastic fibres, collagen, proteoglycans

Gives support and elasticity
-eg external ear

37
Q

Bone

A

Hardest connective tissue

ECM is mostly collagen fibres, embedded in a minéralisée ground substance (calcium phosphate)

Osteoblasts and osteocytes

Highly vascularized
-can recover from injury fairly quick

38
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Active bone forming cells

Produce organic part of ECM

39
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells

Located in lacunae

40
Q

Fluid connective tissues

A

Cells circulate in a liquid ECM, the plasma

Blood and lymph

41
Q

Blood contains

A

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Platelets

42
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Transport oxygen and CO2

In blood

43
Q

Leukocytes

A

In blood

Defense against potentially harmful microorganisms/molecules

44
Q

Platelets

A

In blood

Cell fragments

Involved in blood clotting

45
Q

Lymph contains

A

Liquid matrix
-similar to plasma

White blood cells

46
Q

Adipose tissue: tissue type, role, composed of..

A

Specialized connective tissue

Plays role in energy homeostasis

Made of adipocytes
-fat cells

Energy stored in liquid droplets of adipocytes
-in form of triglycerides

Regulates energy homeostasis
-by secreting paracrine and endocrine substances

47
Q

Types of adipose tissue

A

White

Brown

48
Q

Brown fat adipocytes

A

Store lipids
-in many droplets

High metabolic activity

49
Q

White fat adipocytes

A

Store lipids as single large droplet

Metabolically less active

50
Q

Large number of adipocytes

A

Adipose tissue

51
Q

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells

A

Capable of self-renewal and multi potential differentiation

Adult stem cells

52
Q

Primary type of adipose tissue in adults

A

White adipose tissue

53
Q

Where is white adipose tissue located?

A

Subcutaneously

-mammary glands
-mesenteries
-retroperitoneal spaces
-visceral pericardium
-orbits
-bone marrow cavity

54
Q

White adipose tissue function

A

Insulation

Energy storage

Hormone production
-eg leptin, adiponectin, resistin

55
Q

Where is the nucleus in white adipose tissue?

A

Flattened nucleus

In periphery of cell

56
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

Present during fetal life, in infants
-diminishes after 1st decade

Smaller cells, nucleus in eccentric position, not flat

Cytoplasm full of empty vacuoles
-lipid is lost during tissue preparation

Brown due to high levels of iron-containing mitochondria

Differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells

Metabolism generates heat
-thermogenesis (hibernating animals have a lot of brown adipose tissue)

202: Histology I (16 decks)

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