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202: Histology I > 2.1: Human Cell- Organelles and Cellular Processes ✅ > Flashcards

2.1: Human Cell- Organelles and Cellular Processes ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

Largest organelle in most cells is..

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Organelle

A

Specialized subunit within a cell

Has a specific function

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3
Q

Differentiation

A

Process by which cells adopt a specialized structure and function

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4
Q

Cytoplasmic organelles

A

Membranous organelles

Non-membranous organelles

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5
Q

Membranous organelles

A

Plasma membrane separate the internal environment from the cytoplasm

ER
Golgi apparatus
Endosomes
Lysosomes
Transport vesicles
Mitochondria
Nucleus

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6
Q

Transport vesicles types

A

Pinocytotic vesicles

Endocytotic vesicles

Coated vesicles

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7
Q

Non-membranous organelle types

A

Cytoskeleton
-microtubules
-microfilaments
-intermediate filaments

Centrioles

Ribosomes

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8
Q

Plasma membrane consists of

A

Lipids

Proteins

Cholesterol

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9
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Hydrophobic fatty acids

Bilayer barrier between 2 aqueous compartments

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10
Q

How are membrane proteins categorized?

A

Based on their location

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11
Q

Plasma membrane proteins

A
  1. Integral membrane proteins
    -permanent component of the membrane
  2. Peripheral membrane proteins
    -transiently associated with cell membrane
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12
Q

Integral membrane protein types

A
  1. Transmembrane
    -spans entirety of cell membrane
  2. Integral monotopic
    -permanently attached to the cell membrane from one side
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13
Q

What proportion of human proteins are membrane proteins?

A

A third

*they are targets for more than half of all drugs

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14
Q

Membrane transport

A

Movement of solutes (ions and small molecules) across/through a membrane

Selective process

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15
Q

Mechanisms of membrane transport

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Carrier proteins
  3. Channel proteins
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16
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Carry substances from one side of a membrane to the other

Only open to 1 side of the membrane at a time

Found in cell membrane and internal organelles’ membranes

Typically have a selective-binding site

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17
Q

Channel proteins

A

Embedded in cell membrane, provide hydrophilic passageway for water and small polar ions

Selective transport based on size and shape of molecules

Molecules like ions move through from High concentration -> low concentration

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18
Q

Channel protein types

A
  1. Voltage-gated
    -opens in response to electrical potential (neurons)
  2. Ligand-gated
    -open in response to binding of a signaling molecule (ie muscle cells)
  3. Mechanically gated
    -ie internal ear cilia movement
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19
Q

Aquaporins

A

AQP

Water channels

Integral membrane proteins

13 types, widely distributed

Aquaglyceroporins transport glycerol

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20
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movement of small molecules through cell membrane

Doesn’t include proteins

High to low concentration

No energy required

Eg osmosis

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21
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of molecules across cell membrane

Through channel or carrier proteins

22
Q

Passive transport

A

Higher to lower concentration

By diffusion or facilitation (by channel or carrier proteins)

23
Q

Active transport

A

Against concentration gradient
-low concentration to higher concentration)

Enzymes and energy required

24
Q

Endocytosis

A

Vesicular transport

Cellular process
-where substances are brought into the cell

Material is engulfed by cell membrane, buds off inside cell to form a vesicle contains the ingested material

Active transport

25
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking Small vesicles - 150 nm, visible by TEM Smooth surface
26
Endocytosis types
Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis
27
Phagocytosis
Cell eating Larger vesicles -250 nm
28
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Entry of specific molecules
29
Exocytosis
Vesicular transport- moving materials from inside a cell to outside Active transport Facilitates secretion of waste, like hormones and proteins Facilitates chemical signal messaging and cell-to-cell communication
30
Exosmoses
Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles, generated by all cells Contain cell-specific cargos of nuclei acids, proteins, lipids and metabolites In one exosome, about 20,000 protein molecules Carry mRNA and miRNA or even double-stranded DNA -genetic message to other cells Can influence immune system due to membrane vesicle trafficking
31
RER
Millions of ribosomes are bound to its membrane Functions: Protein -production -folding -quality control -dispatch to Golgi
32
SER
Short, tubule-like structures No ribosomes Functions: -Synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol -Detoxification reactions needed for conversion of harmful substances to water-soluble compounds (making it easier to be discharged by kidneys)
33
Golgi
Cluster of flattened sacs called cisternae Proteins synthesized in ER are packaged into vesicles, then fuse with Golgi -post translational modifications Major collection and dispatch station of protein products from ER -sorting of cargos within destinations in the cell
34
Mitochondria
Produces energy through ATP by oxidative phosphorylation Contain DNA and RNA, ribosomes (for synthesis of their own proteins) Participate in apoptosis, steroidogenesis and thermogenesis Have lots of cells that expend large amounts of energy
35
Microtubules
Grow from microtubule organizing center (MTOC) near nucleus and extend towards periphery System of connections within cell Involved in: -intracellular transport -movement of cilia and flagella -attachments of chromosomes to the mitosis spindle -cell migration Can be immunostained and visualized with a fluorescence microscope
36
Actin filaments
Involved in: Movement of membrane proteins Formation of microvilli Locomotion of cells Extension of cell processes
37
Intermediate filaments
Stabilize organelles, like nucleus Involved in desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
38
Centrioles
Functions: Cell division -forming spindle fibers (that separate chromosomes during cell division) Ciliogenesis -forming cilia and flagella on surface of cells for cell movement
39
Nucleus contains
Chromatin: -DNA associated with histones Nucleolus: -small area containing DNA of transcriptionally active ribosomal genes. -site of rRNA synthesis Nuclear envelope: -double-membrane system that surrounds the nucleus. Perforated by nuclear pores Nucleoplasm: -nuclear content
40
What can occur if there is a malfunction of cell-cycle checkpoints?
Mitosis catastrophe Can lead to cell death and tumour cell development
41
What may result in cell death?
Acute cell injury (necrosis) Programmed cell death (apoptosis)
42
Necrosis
Nonphysiological process Pathological process Rapid cell swelling and lysis
43
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
44
Cell death- necrosis process
Form of cell injury -results in premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis Caused by external factors (infection or trauma) -results in unregulated digestion of cell components -loss of membrane integrity -uncontrolled release of cellular products -initiation of an inflammatory response -leukocytes and phagocytes eliminate dead cells by phagocytosis
45
Apoptosis process
“Falling off” Controlled autodigestion Involves: DNA fragmentation Decreased cell volume Loss of mitochondrial function Membrane blebbing Formation of apoptotic bodies Involved in: Endometrial apoptosis Development
46
Membrane proteins
Pumps Channels Receptor proteins Linker proteins Enzymes Structural proteins
47
Pumps
Plasma membrane protein Transport certain ions across membrane Eg Na+
48
Channels
Plasma membrane protein Open gates to the membrane
49
Receptor proteins
Plasma brand protein Receive chemical signals from ECM, recognition
50
Linker proteins
Membrane protein Anchor intracellular cytoskeleton to ECM
51
Enzymes
Membrane protein Catalyse chemical reactions Eg ATP synthase
52
Structural proteins
Provide an internal structure to the cell Sometimes involved in cell movement

202: Histology I (16 decks)

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