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202: Histology I > 2.1: Human Cell- Organelles and Cellular Processes ✅ > Flashcards

2.1: Human Cell- Organelles and Cellular Processes ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

Largest organelle in most cells is..

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Organelle

A

Specialized subunit within a cell

Has a specific function

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3
Q

Differentiation

A

Process by which cells adopt a specialized structure and function

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4
Q

Cytoplasmic organelles

A

Membranous organelles

Non-membranous organelles

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5
Q

Membranous organelles

A

Plasma membrane separate the internal environment from the cytoplasm

ER
Golgi apparatus
Endosomes
Lysosomes
Transport vesicles
Mitochondria
Nucleus

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6
Q

Transport vesicles types

A

Pinocytotic vesicles

Endocytotic vesicles

Coated vesicles

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7
Q

Non-membranous organelle types

A

Cytoskeleton
-microtubules
-microfilaments
-intermediate filaments

Centrioles

Ribosomes

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8
Q

Plasma membrane consists of

A

Lipids

Proteins

Cholesterol

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9
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Hydrophobic fatty acids

Bilayer barrier between 2 aqueous compartments

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10
Q

How are membrane proteins categorized?

A

Based on their location

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11
Q

Plasma membrane proteins

A
  1. Integral membrane proteins
    -permanent component of the membrane
  2. Peripheral membrane proteins
    -transiently associated with cell membrane
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12
Q

Integral membrane protein types

A
  1. Transmembrane
    -spans entirety of cell membrane
  2. Integral monotopic
    -permanently attached to the cell membrane from one side
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13
Q

What proportion of human proteins are membrane proteins?

A

A third

*they are targets for more than half of all drugs

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14
Q

Membrane transport

A

Movement of solutes (ions and small molecules) across/through a membrane

Selective process

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15
Q

Mechanisms of membrane transport

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Carrier proteins
  3. Channel proteins
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16
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Carry substances from one side of a membrane to the other

Only open to 1 side of the membrane at a time

Found in cell membrane and internal organelles’ membranes

Typically have a selective-binding site

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17
Q

Channel proteins

A

Embedded in cell membrane, provide hydrophilic passageway for water and small polar ions

Selective transport based on size and shape of molecules

Molecules like ions move through from High concentration -> low concentration

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18
Q

Channel protein types

A
  1. Voltage-gated
    -opens in response to electrical potential (neurons)
  2. Ligand-gated
    -open in response to binding of a signaling molecule (ie muscle cells)
  3. Mechanically gated
    -ie internal ear cilia movement
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19
Q

Aquaporins

A

AQP

Water channels

Integral membrane proteins

13 types, widely distributed

Aquaglyceroporins transport glycerol

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20
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movement of small molecules through cell membrane

Doesn’t include proteins

High to low concentration

No energy required

Eg osmosis

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21
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of molecules across cell membrane

Through channel or carrier proteins

22
Q

Passive transport

A

Higher to lower concentration

By diffusion or facilitation (by channel or carrier proteins)

23
Q

Active transport

A

Against concentration gradient
-low concentration to higher concentration)

Enzymes and energy required

24
Q

Endocytosis

A

Vesicular transport

Cellular process
-where substances are brought into the cell

Material is engulfed by cell membrane, buds off inside cell to form a vesicle contains the ingested material

Active transport

25
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

Small vesicles - 150 nm, visible by TEM

Smooth surface

26
Q

Endocytosis types

A

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

27
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

Larger vesicles
-250 nm

28
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Entry of specific molecules

29
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicular transport- moving materials from inside a cell to outside

Active transport

Facilitates secretion of waste, like hormones and proteins

Facilitates chemical signal messaging and cell-to-cell communication

30
Q

Exosmoses

A

Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles, generated by all cells

Contain cell-specific cargos of nuclei acids, proteins, lipids and metabolites

In one exosome, about 20,000 protein molecules

Carry mRNA and miRNA or even double-stranded DNA
-genetic message to other cells

Can influence immune system due to membrane vesicle trafficking

31
Q

RER

A

Millions of ribosomes are bound to its membrane

Functions:
Protein
-production
-folding
-quality control
-dispatch to Golgi

32
Q

SER

A

Short, tubule-like structures

No ribosomes

Functions:
-Synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol

-Detoxification reactions needed for conversion of harmful substances to water-soluble compounds (making it easier to be discharged by kidneys)

33
Q

Golgi

A

Cluster of flattened sacs called cisternae

Proteins synthesized in ER are packaged into vesicles, then fuse with Golgi
-post translational modifications

Major collection and dispatch station of protein products from ER
-sorting of cargos within destinations in the cell

34
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces energy through ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

Contain DNA and RNA, ribosomes (for synthesis of their own proteins)

Participate in apoptosis, steroidogenesis and thermogenesis

Have lots of cells that expend large amounts of energy

35
Q

Microtubules

A

Grow from microtubule organizing center (MTOC) near nucleus and extend towards periphery

System of connections within cell

Involved in:
-intracellular transport
-movement of cilia and flagella
-attachments of chromosomes to the mitosis spindle
-cell migration

Can be immunostained and visualized with a fluorescence microscope

36
Q

Actin filaments

A

Involved in:

Movement of membrane proteins

Formation of microvilli

Locomotion of cells

Extension of cell processes

37
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Stabilize organelles, like nucleus

Involved in desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

38
Q

Centrioles

A

Functions:

Cell division
-forming spindle fibers (that separate chromosomes during cell division)

Ciliogenesis
-forming cilia and flagella on surface of cells for cell movement

39
Q

Nucleus contains

A

Chromatin:
-DNA associated with histones

Nucleolus:
-small area containing DNA of transcriptionally active ribosomal genes.
-site of rRNA synthesis

Nuclear envelope:
-double-membrane system that surrounds the nucleus. Perforated by nuclear pores

Nucleoplasm:
-nuclear content

40
Q

What can occur if there is a malfunction of cell-cycle checkpoints?

A

Mitosis catastrophe

Can lead to cell death and tumour cell development

41
Q

What may result in cell death?

A

Acute cell injury (necrosis)

Programmed cell death (apoptosis)

42
Q

Necrosis

A

Nonphysiological process

Pathological process

Rapid cell swelling and lysis

43
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

44
Q

Cell death- necrosis process

A

Form of cell injury
-results in premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis

Caused by external factors (infection or trauma)
-results in unregulated digestion of cell components

-loss of membrane integrity
-uncontrolled release of cellular products
-initiation of an inflammatory response
-leukocytes and phagocytes eliminate dead cells by phagocytosis

45
Q

Apoptosis process

A

“Falling off”

Controlled autodigestion

Involves:
DNA fragmentation
Decreased cell volume
Loss of mitochondrial function
Membrane blebbing
Formation of apoptotic bodies

Involved in:
Endometrial apoptosis
Development

46
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Pumps

Channels

Receptor proteins

Linker proteins

Enzymes

Structural proteins

47
Q

Pumps

A

Plasma membrane protein

Transport certain ions across membrane

Eg Na+

48
Q

Channels

A

Plasma membrane protein

Open gates to the membrane

49
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Plasma brand protein

Receive chemical signals from ECM, recognition

50
Q

Linker proteins

A

Membrane protein

Anchor intracellular cytoskeleton to ECM

51
Q

Enzymes

A

Membrane protein

Catalyse chemical reactions

Eg ATP synthase

52
Q

Structural proteins

A

Provide an internal structure to the cell

Sometimes involved in cell movement

202: Histology I (16 decks)

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