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Body Logistics > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 2 types of connective tissue proper

A
  1. Loose (areolar)

2. Dense (regular or irregular)

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2
Q

Name the 6 types of specialised connective tissue

A
  1. Cartilage
  2. Adipose
  3. Blood
  4. Bone
  5. Lymph
  6. Haematopoietic

Can Alex bring back love handles

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3
Q

What is connective tissue composed of?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Fibres
  3. Ground substance
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4
Q

List the fibres in the ECM of connective tissue

A 
- Collagen 
      Tensile strength
- Elastic 
       Recoil
- Reticular
      Framework
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5
Q

List cause and symptoms of Marfan’s Syndrome

A

Cause:
- Mutation in fibrillin gene

Symptoms:

  • Arachnodactyly
  • Large wingspan
  • Aortic rupture risk (fatal)
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6
Q

Cells found in connective tissue

A

FAMMMM

  • Fibroblasts
    Procollagen
  • Adipocytes
    Fat storage
  • Mast cells
    Histamine
  • Myofibroblasts
    Wound contraction
  • Macrophages
    Immunity
  • Mesenchymal stem cells
    Cell replenishment
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7
Q

State composition, function and location of Loose Connective Tissue

A

Composition:

  • Highly cellular
  • Sparse fibres
  • Abundant ground substance

Function:

  • Carry blood vessels
  • Diffusion (O2, nutrients) to epithelia

Location:

  • Superficial dermis
  • Lamina propria (mucous membranes)
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8
Q

State composition, function and location of Dense Connective Tissue

A

Composition:

  • Few cells
  • Abundant collagen

Regular:

  • Parallel collagen fibre bundles
  • Withstand stress one direction
  • Tendons / Ligaments

Irregular:

  • Collagen fibre bundles all directions
  • Withstand stress all directions
  • Deep dermis, deep fascia
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9
Q

Composition of brown and white adipose tissue

A

WHITE:

  • Peripheral nucleus
  • Single lipid droplet (unilocular)
  • Energy store
  • Insulation / padding

BROWN:

  • Few in adults
  • Central nucleus
  • Multiple lipid droplets (multilocular)
  • Abundant mitochondria
  • Highly vascular
  • Non-shivering thermogenesis (neonates)
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10
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

What do they contain?

A

All contain:

  • Proteogylcan
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Chondrocytes
  1. Hyaline Cartilage
    - Type 2 collagen
    - Dense tissue w/ fluid
  2. Elastic
    - Elastic fibres
    - Tough but flexible
    - Does not calcify
  3. Fibrocartilage
    - Fibroblasts
    - Dense CT + Hyaline cartilage
    - Shock absorber
    - Resist shearing forces
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11
Q

What is cartilage and what is it composed of?

A

Cartilage is:
Resilient, avascular connective tissue with a highly specialised ECM

Composed of:

  • Cells (chondrocytes)
  • Fibres (collagen, elastic)
  • Gel-like matrix (water, ground substance)
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12
Q

Where in the body is hyaline cartilage found?

A
  • Trachea (respiratory system)

- Articulating joints

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13
Q

Where in the body is elastic cartilage found?

A
  • Pinna (ear)
  • Eustachian tube (ear > oral cavity)
  • Epiglottis

Areas requiring flexibility

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14
Q

Where in the body is fibrocartilage found?

A
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Knee joint menisci
  • Pubic symphysis

Areas requiring

  • Compression resistance
  • Durability
  • Tensile strength
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15
Q

What are the 2 forms of bone?

Where are each found?

What are their main functions?

A

CORTICAL (compact)

  • Shaft of long bones
  • Flat bones
  • Protect underlying organs
  • Mechanical strength

CANCELLOUS (spongy)

  • Ends of long bones
  • Centre of flat / irregular bones
  • Provide space for marrow
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16
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A
  • Age-related degeneration
  • Articular cartilage degrades
  • Joint space narrows
  • Bony spurs cause pain / inflammation
  • Affects weight-bearing joints
17
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Synovial membrane inflammation
  • Thickening of joint capsule
  • Bone AND cartilage degenerate
18
Q

Name and explain the 2 types of growth which cartilage is capable of.

A
  1. APPOSITIONAL
    - New cartilage formed at surface of existing cartilage
    - Perichondrium cells differentiate into chondroblasts
  2. INTERSTITIAL
    - New cartilage formed within existing cartilage mass
    - Chondrocyte division within lacunae
19
Q

What is periosteum?

A

The fibrous sheet that covers bone

20
Q

Briefly list the stages in endochondral ossification

A

Cartilage models

  1. Chondroblasts secrete cartilaginous matrix (wk 8)
  2. Hyaline cartilage model formed
  3. Central chondrocytes hypertrophy - resorb matrix
  4. Matrix calcifies > Chondrocytes die - no nutrients
  5. Perichondrium stem cells > osteoblasts
  6. Compact bone collar forms
  7. Primary ossification centre forms in centre (wk 12)
  8. Bone development towards epiphyses
  9. Secondary ossification centres (epiphyses)
  10. Calcified cartilage > spongy bone
  11. Medullary cavity formed
  12. Cartilage all replaced by bone EXCEPT articular and
    epiphyseal plate (growth)
21
Q

List the types of bone in the body and an example of each

A
  • Long (humerus)
  • Short (carpal, tarsal)
  • Flat (skull, sternum)
  • Irregular (vertebrae)
  • Sesamoid (patella - tendons)
22
Q

List the two types of bone formation and where they occur.

A

Endochondral Ossification:

  • Long bones
  • Chondroblasts lay cartilage matrix
  • APPOSITIONAL growth (edges)

Intra-membranous Ossification:

  • Flat bones
  • Mesenchymal Stem Cells in centre
  • INTERSTITIAL growth (middle)
23
Q

List the 4 bone cells and their functions

A
  1. OSTEO-PROGENITOR
    - Undifferentiated stem cell
    - Inner endosteum / periosteum
  2. OSTEOBLAST
    - Intermediate
    - Lay down new bone
  3. OSTEOCYTE
    - Terminally differentiated
    - Trapped in matrix
    - Tissue maintenance
  4. OSTEOCLAST
    - Big (50 nuclei, fused WBCs)
    - Bone resorption
24
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

MECHANICAL

  • Protect organs
  • Framework
  • Movement levers

SYNTHETIC
- Haematopoiesis

METABOLIC

  • Storage (Fat & Mineral)
  • Acid-Base homeostasis
25
Q

Briefly outline the stages of INTRAMEMBRANOUS ossification

A
  1. MSCs cluster
  2. Differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells, then osteoblasts
  3. Lay down osteoid ECM
  4. Osteoid mineralises (spicules)
  5. Spicules join, form trabeculae
  6. Trabeculae merge (woven bone)
  7. Replaced with lamellae of mature compact bone
26
Q

Name the canals that carry nerves / blood and lymph vessels through bone

A

Haversian canals - vertical (centre of osteon)

Volkmann’s canals - horizontal (link osteons)

27
Q

Explain the importance of vitamin D in normal bone development

A
  • Vit D absorbed from guy or made in skin
  • Produces calcitriol (calcium absorption)
  • Rickets from Vit D deficiency
  • Weak, soft bones - easy fractures
28
Q

Briefly outline the steps in fracture repair

A
  1. HAEMATOMA
    - Clot forms
    - Tissue death
    - Inflammation -(neutrophils, macrophages, osteoclasts)
    - Fibrin mesh with capillaries
  2. FIBROCARTILAGENOUS CALLUS
    - Fibroblasts -> collagen
    - Chondroblasts -> hyaline cartilage
  3. HARD CALLUS
    - Endochondral & Intra-membranous ossification
  4. REMODELLING
    - Cancellous bone -> compact bone
29
Q

Bone remodelling is ongoing.

Briefly outline the negative feedback loop.

A

HIGH BLOOD Ca2+

  • Thyroid -> calcitonin
  • Osteoblasts activated

LOW BLOOD Ca2+

  • Parathyroid -> PTH
  • Osteoclasts activated
  • Gut absorbs more Ca2+
30
Q

Outline the cause and symptoms of achondroplasia

A
  • Inherited mutation in FGF3 receptor gene
  • FGF promotes collagen formation from cartilage
  • ENDOCHONDRAL ossification affected
  • Short stature - long bones can’t lengthen properly
  • Normal size head / torso
31
Q

Outline the cause and symptoms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A
  • Mutation in COL1A gene
  • Collagen 1 production affected
  • Short
  • Blue sclera
  • Weak bones - deformities / fracture risk
  • Neonates / children
32
Q

Outline the features of Type 1 and 2 Primary Osteoporosis and who they affect.

A

Type 1:

  • Post menopausal women
  • Loss of oestrogen
  • Increased osteoclasts

Type 2:

  • Older men and women
  • Oestrogen AND androgen loss
  • Loss of osteoblast function

Both degrade trabecular bone
Weakens internal structure
Increased fracture risk
Osteoclasts pits not filled

33
Q

Outline possible causes of Secondary Osteoporosis

A
  • Drug therapy
  • Prolonged immobilisation
  • Weightlessness
  • Malnutrition
  • Metabolic bone diseases
    (PTH tumour -> overproduce PTH)

Body Logistics (7 decks)

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