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Cells And Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

State the relationship between milli-, micro- and nanometres.

A

1 millimetre = 1/1000 metre (10-3)

1 micrometer = 1/1000 millimetre (10-6)

1 nanometre = 1/1000 micrometre (10-9)

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2
Q

State the meaning of the term ‘tissue’

A

A collection of cells that are adapted to perform a specific function.

(Woven, Lat.)

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3
Q

What are the 4 classifications of tissue

A

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nerve

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4
Q

Define the term ‘limit of resolution’

A

The smallest distance by which 2 objects can be separated and still be distinguishable as 2 separate objects.

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5
Q

Why do tissues need to be fixed?

Which fixatives commonly used?

A

To preserve and prevent rotting.

Formalin.

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6
Q

State the requirements to image tissues by light microscopy

A

Preserve (formalin)

Embed (paraffin wax)

Slice (5 micrometres - microtome)

Stain (Haematoxylin & Eosin)

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7
Q

Advantages of dark field microscopy

A

Live specimen

No stain

Dark background = enhanced contrast

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8
Q

Advantages of phase contrast microscopy

A

No stain

Converts invisible phase shifts to visible brightness

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9
Q

Advantages of confocal microscopy

A

Multiple 2D images > 3D image

Used with immunofluorescence

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10
Q

Why are electron microscopes capable of better resolution than light microscopes?

A

Wavelength of electrons thousands of times shorter than visible light.

Thus, can resolve objects thousands of times smaller.

Heavy metal stain

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11
Q

Haematoxylin stains what?

A

Nucleus blue

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12
Q

Eosin stains what?

A

Cytoplasm
Extracellular matrix
Pink

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13
Q

Biopsy techniques and tissues sampled

A

Surgery - Tumour resection

Curettage (scoop) - Uterine tissue

Needle Aspiration - Bone marrow

Venepuncture - Blood smear

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14
Q

Masson’s trichrome stains?

A

RED - keratin, muscle fibres

BLUE/ GREEN - collagen, bone

PINK - cytoplasm

BLACK - nucleus

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15
Q

Describe connective tissue organisation

A

Dense ECM

Sparse cells

Matrix rich in fibrous polymers (collagen)
Matrix bears mechanical stress

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16
Q

Describe epithelial tissue organisation

A

Cells tightly bound together (epithelia sheets)

Scant extracellular matrix (basal lamina)

Cell-cell adhesions bear mechanical stress

Intracellular protein filaments (keratin)

Junctions connect adjacent cells / basal lamina

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17
Q

State connective tissue components

A

Cells
- fibroblasts/ fibrocytes, adipocytes

Fibres
- collagen, elastin, reticular fibres

Ground substance
- GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) (hyaluronic acid)

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18
Q

State connective tissue functions

A
  1. Bind and support (hold organs together)
  2. Protection (bone)
  3. Insulation (fat)
  4. Storage (fuel and cells)
  5. Transport (blood and interstitium)
  6. Tissue separation (fascia, tendons/ cartilage)
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19
Q

Define organ

A

More than one tissue coming together makes an organ (connective tissue fibres link)

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20
Q

What are the epithelial cell adherence systems in the LATERAL surface?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Desmosome
  3. Gap junctions
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21
Q

What re the epithelial cell adherence systems in the BASAL surface?

A
  1. Hemi-desmosome
  2. Focal adhesions
  3. Integrins
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22
Q

Function of tight junction

A

Seals neighbouring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leaking of molecules between them.

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23
Q

Function of adherens junction

A

Joins an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in neighbour.

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24
Q

Function of desmosome

A

Joins intermediate filaments cell-cell

STRENGTH

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25
Function of gap junction
Cell-cell communication
26
Function of hemidesmosome
Anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina.
27
Function of a focal adhesion
Anchors actin filaments in a cell to the basal lamina.
28
What do all adhesion properties require the presence of?
Calcium ions
29
Function of adherence proteins
1. Maintain survival and structure of cells and tissues | 2. Prevent pathogens entering internal environment
30
Define mucous membrane
Epithelium, Lamina propia Muscularis Mucosa - Line tubes which open to exterior (G.I Tract, Urinary Tract, Respiratory Tract)
31
Functions of mucous membrane
1. Prevent pathogens entering body 2. Prevent tissue dehydration 3. Lubricate surface
32
Layers of GI Tract - internal to external
1. Mucosa (epithelial) 2. Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle) 3. Submucosa (connective) 4. Muscularis externa (inner circular, outer longitudinal) 5. Serosa (connective)
33
Structure of serous membrane
- Mesothelium - Thin layer connective tissue Carries blood and lymphatic vessels/ nerves VISCERAL serosal membrane (organ side) PARIETAL serosal membrane (outer edge)
34
Function of serous membrane
1. Line closed body cavities and envelop viscera | 2. Lubrication
35
Define EPITHELIA
Sheets of contiguous cells, of varied embryonic origin, that cover external surface of the body and line internal surfaces, including vessels.
36
What are the 3 germ layers epithelial tissues are derived from?
1. Ectoderm (epidermis) 2. Endoderm (GI Tract) 3. Mesoderm (inner body cavity linings)
37
Epithelial tissue classification: 1. One cell thick 2. 2 or more cells thick
1. Simple (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified) 2. Stratified (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional)
38
Cell surface specialisations: Keratin function
Prevents water loss Protect against abrasion (Skin)
39
Cell surface specialisations: Cilia function
Control micro-movement of luminal contents
40
Cell surface specialisations: Goblet cells
- Secrete mucus (exocytosis) - Lubricate - Have microvilli, not cilia
41
Cell surface specialisations: Clara cells (Club cells)
- Protect bronchioles - Detoxify harmful inhalations - Stem cells for respiratory epithelium
42
Tissues affected by Cystic Fibrosis
All tissues with mucins: 1. Airways 2. Liver 3. Pancreas 4. Small Intestine 5. Reproductive tracts 6. Skin
43
Cell renewal rates (airway)
Trachea (1-2 months) Alveoli (8 days) Goblet cells (10 days) Clara cells (never)
44
Acute bronchitis qualifiers
1. Cough and mucus production 2. Breathlessness 3. < 3 months
45
Chronic bronchitis qualifiers
1. At least 2 episodes of cough (3+ months) during 2 year period 2. Chronic inflammation of bronchi / bronchioles 3. Start of irreparable damage to bronchioles and alveoli
46
COPD definition
Umbrella condition for both emphysema AND chronic bronchitis Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
47
Emphysema qualifiers
Shortness of breath due to permanent widening of airspaces distal to terminal bronchiole WITHOUT FIBROSIS. e.g. destruction of air sacs, loss of elastic recoil, hard to exhale
48
Common respiratory conditions related to smoking
1. Acute bronchitis 2. Chronic bronchitis 3. Emphysema 4. COPD 5. Asthma
49
Differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells
Prokaryotic cells are smaller / simpler Lack: - Nuclear envelope - Membrane bound organelles - multiple DNA strands (instead circular in nucleoid)
50
Structure and function of: - Nuclear Envelope - Nucleus - Ribosomes
Nuclear Envelope - Double membrane - Encloses nucleus / nucleoplasm - Connected to ER Nucleus: - Houses cell's chromatin (DNA wrapped around histone) - Houses nucleolus Ribosomes: - Made of RNA and proteins - Protein synthesis via mRNAs from nucleus - Free or bound (RER)
51
Structure and function of: - Mitochondria - Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria: - Energy factory of cell - synthesise ATP via cellular respiration ``` Cytoskeleton: - Network of filaments - Gives cell shape - 3 types protein fibres (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules) ```
52
Structure and function of: - Microfilaments - Intermediate filaments - Microtubules
Microfilaments: - Composed of actin monomers - Transport within cell Intermediate filaments: - Fibrous protein strands wound together - Maintain cell shape - Anchor nucleus Microtubules: - Tubulin proteins > hollow tube - Maintain structure - help cell resist compression - Transport track for motor proteins - Form spindle fibres during mitosis
53
Structure and function of: - Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER: - Bound ribosomes on surface - Synthesis of phospholipids - Protein modification for secretion Smooth ER: - Continuous with RER - No bound ribosomes - Synthesis of carbs, lipids, steroid hormones - Detoxification - Storage (Ca+)
54
Structure and function of: - Golgi apparatus - Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus: - Flattened discs of membrane (cis and trans face) - Sort, pack, tag lipids and proteins in vesicles - ER sacs fuse with cis face - empty contents into lumen - Modified proteins leave in sacs at trans face Lysosomes: - Cell recycling facility - Digest foreign particles
55
What are the 8 morphological types of epithelia?
1. Simple squamous - (lining, secreting) 2. Simple cuboidal - (line ducts) 3. Simple columnar - (Line GI Tract, secrete enzymes, mucus) 4. Pseudostratified - (ciliates, sensory reception, lining, protein secretion) 5. Stratified squamous - (keratinised or non-keratinised) 6. Stratified cuboidal - (absorption, secretion - water/salts) 7. Stratified columnar - (secrete fluids, absorb excess, protection -urine) 8. Transitional epithelium - (bladder lining- distension, protect underlying tissues)
56
Explain position, structure and function of basement membrane
- Underlies epithelium - Specialised extracellular matrix - Thin mat anchoring cells to underlying connective tissue - Supports epithelium, acts as filter
57
What are the epithelial cell surface specialisations?
1. Keratin - water loss / abrasion 2. Cilia - Micro movement of luminal contents 3. Goblet cells - mucus secretion 4. Clara cells - respiratory epithelium stem cells / protect bronchioles 5. Microfold cells 6. Stereocilia
58
Which tissues are affected by Cystic Fibrosis
Tissues with mucins and cilia - Airways - Liver - Pancreas - Small intestine - Reproductive tracts - Skin
59
Cell renewal rates - respiratory
Trachea - 1-2 months Alveoli - 8 days Goblet cells - 10 days Clara cells - never
60
Discuss how structure of constituent tissues is related to function in: 1. Gastrointestinal mucosae 2. Urinary mucosae 3. Respiratory mucosae
GI MUCOSAE: - Simple columnar epithelium - Absorption of nutrients - Secretion - Lubrication URINARY MUCOSAE: - Transitional epithelium - Distensibility - Protect underlying tissues from chemicals ``` RESPIRATORY MUCOSAE: - Psedostratified CILIATED epithelium - Secretion and conduit - Particle trapping and removal (Mucociliary escalator) ```
61
From which germ layers are the following derived? 1. Epidermis 2. Inner and outer GI Tract lining 3. Inner linings of body cavities
1. Ectoderm 2. Endoderm 3. Mesoderm
62
TEM vs SEM
TEM - 2D - Electrons through sample SEM - 3D - Electrons reflect off surface

Body Logistics (7 decks)

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