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Body Logistics > Cells And Tissues > Flashcards

Cells And Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

State the relationship between milli-, micro- and nanometres.

A

1 millimetre = 1/1000 metre (10-3)

1 micrometer = 1/1000 millimetre (10-6)

1 nanometre = 1/1000 micrometre (10-9)

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2
Q

State the meaning of the term ‘tissue’

A

A collection of cells that are adapted to perform a specific function.

(Woven, Lat.)

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3
Q

What are the 4 classifications of tissue

A

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nerve

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4
Q

Define the term ‘limit of resolution’

A

The smallest distance by which 2 objects can be separated and still be distinguishable as 2 separate objects.

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5
Q

Why do tissues need to be fixed?

Which fixatives commonly used?

A

To preserve and prevent rotting.

Formalin.

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6
Q

State the requirements to image tissues by light microscopy

A

Preserve (formalin)

Embed (paraffin wax)

Slice (5 micrometres - microtome)

Stain (Haematoxylin & Eosin)

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7
Q

Advantages of dark field microscopy

A

Live specimen

No stain

Dark background = enhanced contrast

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8
Q

Advantages of phase contrast microscopy

A

No stain

Converts invisible phase shifts to visible brightness

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9
Q

Advantages of confocal microscopy

A

Multiple 2D images > 3D image

Used with immunofluorescence

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10
Q

Why are electron microscopes capable of better resolution than light microscopes?

A

Wavelength of electrons thousands of times shorter than visible light.

Thus, can resolve objects thousands of times smaller.

Heavy metal stain

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11
Q

Haematoxylin stains what?

A

Nucleus blue

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12
Q

Eosin stains what?

A

Cytoplasm
Extracellular matrix
Pink

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13
Q

Biopsy techniques and tissues sampled

A

Surgery - Tumour resection

Curettage (scoop) - Uterine tissue

Needle Aspiration - Bone marrow

Venepuncture - Blood smear

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14
Q

Masson’s trichrome stains?

A

RED - keratin, muscle fibres

BLUE/ GREEN - collagen, bone

PINK - cytoplasm

BLACK - nucleus

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15
Q

Describe connective tissue organisation

A

Dense ECM

Sparse cells

Matrix rich in fibrous polymers (collagen)
Matrix bears mechanical stress

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16
Q

Describe epithelial tissue organisation

A

Cells tightly bound together (epithelia sheets)

Scant extracellular matrix (basal lamina)

Cell-cell adhesions bear mechanical stress

Intracellular protein filaments (keratin)

Junctions connect adjacent cells / basal lamina

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17
Q

State connective tissue components

A

Cells
- fibroblasts/ fibrocytes, adipocytes

Fibres
- collagen, elastin, reticular fibres

Ground substance
- GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) (hyaluronic acid)

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18
Q

State connective tissue functions

A
  1. Bind and support (hold organs together)
  2. Protection (bone)
  3. Insulation (fat)
  4. Storage (fuel and cells)
  5. Transport (blood and interstitium)
  6. Tissue separation (fascia, tendons/ cartilage)
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19
Q

Define organ

A

More than one tissue coming together makes an organ (connective tissue fibres link)

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20
Q

What are the epithelial cell adherence systems in the LATERAL surface?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Desmosome
  3. Gap junctions
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21
Q

What re the epithelial cell adherence systems in the BASAL surface?

A
  1. Hemi-desmosome
  2. Focal adhesions
  3. Integrins
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22
Q

Function of tight junction

A

Seals neighbouring cells together in an epithelial sheet to prevent leaking of molecules between them.

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23
Q

Function of adherens junction

A

Joins an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in neighbour.

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24
Q

Function of desmosome

A

Joins intermediate filaments cell-cell

STRENGTH

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25
Q

Function of gap junction

A

Cell-cell communication

26
Q

Function of hemidesmosome

A

Anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina.

27
Q

Function of a focal adhesion

A

Anchors actin filaments in a cell to the basal lamina.

28
Q

What do all adhesion properties require the presence of?

A

Calcium ions

29
Q

Function of adherence proteins

A
  1. Maintain survival and structure of cells and tissues

2. Prevent pathogens entering internal environment

30
Q

Define mucous membrane

A

Epithelium,
Lamina propia
Muscularis Mucosa

  • Line tubes which open to exterior
    (G.I Tract, Urinary Tract, Respiratory Tract)
31
Q

Functions of mucous membrane

A
  1. Prevent pathogens entering body
  2. Prevent tissue dehydration
  3. Lubricate surface
32
Q

Layers of GI Tract - internal to external

A
  1. Mucosa (epithelial)
  2. Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)
  3. Submucosa (connective)
  4. Muscularis externa (inner circular, outer longitudinal)
  5. Serosa (connective)
33
Q

Structure of serous membrane

A
  • Mesothelium
  • Thin layer connective tissue

Carries blood and lymphatic vessels/ nerves

VISCERAL serosal membrane (organ side)
PARIETAL serosal membrane (outer edge)

34
Q

Function of serous membrane

A
  1. Line closed body cavities and envelop viscera

2. Lubrication

35
Q

Define EPITHELIA

A

Sheets of contiguous cells, of varied embryonic origin, that cover external surface of the body and line internal surfaces, including vessels.

36
Q

What are the 3 germ layers epithelial tissues are derived from?

A
  1. Ectoderm (epidermis)
  2. Endoderm (GI Tract)
  3. Mesoderm (inner body cavity linings)
37
Q

Epithelial tissue classification:

  1. One cell thick
  2. 2 or more cells thick
A
  1. Simple
    (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified)
  2. Stratified
    (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional)
38
Q

Cell surface specialisations:

Keratin function

A

Prevents water loss
Protect against abrasion

(Skin)

39
Q

Cell surface specialisations:

Cilia function

A

Control micro-movement of luminal contents

40
Q

Cell surface specialisations:

Goblet cells

A
  • Secrete mucus (exocytosis)
  • Lubricate
  • Have microvilli, not cilia
41
Q

Cell surface specialisations:

Clara cells (Club cells)

A
  • Protect bronchioles
  • Detoxify harmful inhalations
  • Stem cells for respiratory epithelium
42
Q

Tissues affected by Cystic Fibrosis

A

All tissues with mucins:

  1. Airways
  2. Liver
  3. Pancreas
  4. Small Intestine
  5. Reproductive tracts
  6. Skin
43
Q

Cell renewal rates (airway)

A

Trachea (1-2 months)

Alveoli (8 days)

Goblet cells (10 days)

Clara cells (never)

44
Q

Acute bronchitis qualifiers

A
  1. Cough and mucus production
  2. Breathlessness
  3. < 3 months
45
Q

Chronic bronchitis qualifiers

A
  1. At least 2 episodes of cough (3+ months) during 2 year period
  2. Chronic inflammation of bronchi / bronchioles
  3. Start of irreparable damage to bronchioles and alveoli
46
Q

COPD definition

A

Umbrella condition for both emphysema AND chronic bronchitis

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

47
Q

Emphysema qualifiers

A

Shortness of breath due to permanent widening of airspaces distal to terminal bronchiole WITHOUT FIBROSIS.

e.g. destruction of air sacs, loss of elastic recoil, hard to exhale

48
Q

Common respiratory conditions related to smoking

A
  1. Acute bronchitis
  2. Chronic bronchitis
  3. Emphysema
  4. COPD
  5. Asthma
49
Q

Differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells

A

Prokaryotic cells are smaller / simpler

Lack:

  • Nuclear envelope
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • multiple DNA strands (instead circular in nucleoid)
50
Q

Structure and function of:

  • Nuclear Envelope
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
A

Nuclear Envelope

  • Double membrane
  • Encloses nucleus / nucleoplasm
  • Connected to ER

Nucleus:

  • Houses cell’s chromatin (DNA wrapped around histone)
  • Houses nucleolus

Ribosomes:

  • Made of RNA and proteins
  • Protein synthesis via mRNAs from nucleus
  • Free or bound (RER)
51
Q

Structure and function of:

  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoskeleton
A

Mitochondria:

  • Energy factory of cell
  • synthesise ATP via cellular respiration
Cytoskeleton:
- Network of filaments
- Gives cell shape
- 3 types protein fibres 
(microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules)
52
Q

Structure and function of:

  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
A

Microfilaments:

  • Composed of actin monomers
  • Transport within cell

Intermediate filaments:

  • Fibrous protein strands wound together
  • Maintain cell shape
  • Anchor nucleus

Microtubules:

  • Tubulin proteins > hollow tube
  • Maintain structure - help cell resist compression
  • Transport track for motor proteins
  • Form spindle fibres during mitosis
53
Q

Structure and function of:

  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
A

Rough ER:

  • Bound ribosomes on surface
  • Synthesis of phospholipids
  • Protein modification for secretion

Smooth ER:

  • Continuous with RER
  • No bound ribosomes
  • Synthesis of carbs, lipids, steroid hormones
  • Detoxification
  • Storage (Ca+)
54
Q

Structure and function of:

  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
A

Golgi apparatus:

  • Flattened discs of membrane (cis and trans face)
  • Sort, pack, tag lipids and proteins in vesicles
  • ER sacs fuse with cis face - empty contents into lumen
  • Modified proteins leave in sacs at trans face

Lysosomes:

  • Cell recycling facility
  • Digest foreign particles
55
Q

What are the 8 morphological types of epithelia?

A
  1. Simple squamous
    - (lining, secreting)
  2. Simple cuboidal
    - (line ducts)
  3. Simple columnar
    - (Line GI Tract, secrete enzymes, mucus)
  4. Pseudostratified
    - (ciliates, sensory reception, lining, protein secretion)
  5. Stratified squamous
    - (keratinised or non-keratinised)
  6. Stratified cuboidal
    - (absorption, secretion - water/salts)
  7. Stratified columnar
    - (secrete fluids, absorb excess, protection -urine)
  8. Transitional epithelium
    - (bladder lining- distension, protect underlying tissues)
56
Q

Explain position, structure and function of basement membrane

A
  • Underlies epithelium
  • Specialised extracellular matrix
  • Thin mat anchoring cells to underlying connective tissue
  • Supports epithelium, acts as filter
57
Q

What are the epithelial cell surface specialisations?

A
  1. Keratin - water loss / abrasion
  2. Cilia - Micro movement of luminal contents
  3. Goblet cells - mucus secretion
  4. Clara cells - respiratory epithelium stem cells / protect bronchioles
  5. Microfold cells
  6. Stereocilia
58
Q

Which tissues are affected by Cystic Fibrosis

A

Tissues with mucins and cilia

  • Airways
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Small intestine
  • Reproductive tracts
  • Skin
59
Q

Cell renewal rates - respiratory

A

Trachea - 1-2 months

Alveoli - 8 days

Goblet cells - 10 days

Clara cells - never

60
Q

Discuss how structure of constituent tissues is related to function in:

  1. Gastrointestinal mucosae
  2. Urinary mucosae
  3. Respiratory mucosae
A

GI MUCOSAE:

  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Absorption of nutrients
  • Secretion
  • Lubrication

URINARY MUCOSAE:

  • Transitional epithelium
  • Distensibility
  • Protect underlying tissues from chemicals
RESPIRATORY MUCOSAE:
- Psedostratified CILIATED epithelium
- Secretion and conduit
- Particle trapping and removal 
(Mucociliary escalator)
61
Q

From which germ layers are the following derived?

  1. Epidermis
  2. Inner and outer GI Tract lining
  3. Inner linings of body cavities
A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Endoderm
  3. Mesoderm
62
Q

TEM vs SEM

A

TEM

  • 2D
  • Electrons through sample

SEM

  • 3D
  • Electrons reflect off surface

Body Logistics (7 decks)

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