Connective Tissue

Question 1

What do mast cells do upon second exposure to allergen?

Answer 1

IgE attach to mast cell membranes from first exposure.

2. Upon second exposure, IgE primed mast cells release granules which cause allergic reaction (so do basophils, they work hand in hand)

Question 2

mast cells formed from?

Answer 2

bone marrow; what are they filled with? histamine!

Question 3

Plasma cells

Answer 3

1. ID on slides “clock face”
2. Function - synthesize antibodies
3. What do they do upon first exposure to an allergen?
4. B-lymphocytes → activate → plasma cells → synthesize IgE antibodies

corresponding to antigen / allergen. These attach to MAST CELLS

Question 4

Plasma cells orginate from…

Answer 4

(from β-lymphocytes aka b-cells)

Question 5

Marcophages

Answer 5

originate from monocytes

Question 6

Plasma cells

Answer 6

antibodies

Question 7

fibroblasts (fibrocytes)

Answer 7

extracellular fibers and ground substance

Question 8

lymphocytes (several types)

Answer 8

various immune defense functions

Question 9

eisonophilic leukocytes

Answer 9

modulate allergic vasoactive reactions and defense against parasites

Question 10

nuerophillic leukocytes

Answer 10

phagocytosis of bacteria

Question 11

macrophages

Answer 11

phagocytosis of ecm components and debris, antigen processing and presentation to immune cells; secretion of growth factors, cytokines and other agents

Question 12

mast cells and basophilic leukocytes

Answer 12

pharmacologically actives molecules (histamine)

Question 13

adipocytes

Answer 13

storages of neutral fats

Question 14

chondroblasts

Answer 14

type II collagen and ECM components

Question 15

brown adipocytes

Answer 15

thermogenesis (thermogenin is a protein in the mitochondria of brown adipocytes specifically which allows the mitochondria to utilize the electron gradient in the intermembrane space to form heat, instead of ATP. In babies only.

Question 16

white adipocytes

Answer 16

storage of energy in form of triglycerides, endocrine function (leptin)

Question 17

fibroblasts

Answer 17

all fibers! ECM of connective tissue proper

Question 18

leukocyte diapedesis

Answer 18

Selectin expression, location of selectin ligands on leukocytes

Endothelial tight junctions release to allow

paracellular transport

Question 19

type 1 collagen

Answer 19

location: skin, tendon, bone, dentin. function: resitance to tension

disfunction

Type I - scurvy - weak tendons and overall weak constitution - broken bones, torn skin, poor wound healing, etc.

Question 20

type II collagen

Answer 20

Found: cartilage vitreous body, Function: resitance to pressure.

dysfunction: Type II - short stature

Question 21

Type III collagen

Answer 21

skin, muscle, blood, frequently together with type I.

function: structural maitancence in expansible organs.

Question 22

Type IV collagen

Answer 22

found: network forming collagen. all basal and external laminae; support of epithelial cells and filtration

Question 23

type V collagen

Answer 23

fetal tissues, skin, bone, placena, most interstitial tisssues. function: participates in type 1 collagen function

dysfunction: blisters

Question 24

Type 1 Collagen

Answer 24

1. What is it made up of? Triple helix made up of one α-2 chain, two α-1 chain 2. Function - steel, tensile strength
2. It’s abundant in ECM of most tissues (not cartilage (except fibrocartilage) or blood though)

Question 25

Type III collagen

Answer 25

Branchy! 2. Reticular networks hold things together 3. Who makes it? Fibroblasts (reticular cells) Locations of this, liver, kidneys, lymphoid organs

Question 26

Elastic Fibers

Answer 26

1. Fibrillin and tropoelastin → elastin → elastic fibers 2. Modified Lysine 3. Locations: loose CT, dense irregular CT, elastic cartilage 4. Stain dark purple

Question 27

elastic lamellae

Answer 27

found in the walls of large blood vessels like arteries elastin occurs in fenestrated sheets called elastic lamellae

Question 28

disorder of elastic fibers?

Answer 28

Weakness of blood vessels (lamellae) 7. Solar elastosis → sun damages elastin of elastic fibers in skin

Question 29

Structure, histological appearance, location, and function of all CT propers Loose

Answer 29

Loose (Areolar) – flexible, gel-like, allows movement

Question 30

Reticular CT

Answer 30

cherry blossom branching, lymphoid organs

Question 31

white adipose

Answer 31

white adipocytes, unilocular (one lipid droplet)

Question 32

brown adipose

Answer 32

brown adipocytes, multilocular, babies

Question 33

dense regular CT

Answer 33

type I collagen, parallel structure, fibroblasts

Question 34

dense irregular

Answer 34

type I collagen, some elastic fibers, non-parallel structure, fibroblasts

Question 35

embryonic tissues

Answer 35

1. Mucoid – umbilical chord (Wharton’s Jelly) 2. Embryonic (Mesenchymal) –

Question 36

GAGs structure and function

Answer 36

1. Made up of repeating disaccharides 1. Hyaluronic acids → 2 repeating disaccharides D-hexosamines and D-glucuronic acid

Question 37

explain benefit of sulfated vs. non sulfated GAGs

Answer 37

1. Sulfated – allows interaction with collagen fibers 2. Non-sulfated – hyaluronic acid

Question 38

Explain hyaluronic acid’s structure (sugars, size, sulfation status, etc)

Answer 38

1. Non-sulfated, interacts with (non-covalently) with link proteins to proteoglycans

Question 39

Proteoglycans structure and function

Answer 39

1. How do they link to hyaluronic acid? Link proteins, NON COVALENT 2. What is their function in the matrix? Shock absorbency

Question 40

Multiadhesive glycoproteins

Answer 40

1. Laminin and fibronectin; bind to integrin and function to create cell positioning and migration 2. Where are these found? 3. Function? Cell position and migration mostly! 4. What can they connect to? Cellular and extracellular components, list them and draw a picture

Question 41

MMPs

Answer 41

secreted by macrophages, degrade collagen fibrils