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Ocular Physiology > Conjunctiva And Sclera > Flashcards

Conjunctiva And Sclera Flashcards

1
Q

What is midnit used for? What does it stand for?

A 
-to find origin 
Metabolic 
Inflammation 
Degenerative 
Neoplasm 
Infection 
Trauma
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2
Q

Conjunctiva is in the inner surfaces of the eyelids and the front surface of the eyeball except

A

Cornea

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3
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva

A

Posterior surface of the eyelids: thicker

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4
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva

A

Anterior portion of the eyeball: thinner , goblet cells, palisades of Vogt

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5
Q

Fornix

A

Junction of the palpebral and bulbar. The plica takes the place of a fornix nasally. Also included are the caruncle, and plica semilunaris at the medial canthus

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6
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva is ___ attached to ___ and can become swollen or chemotic

A

Loosely attached to tenons capsule

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7
Q

Chemosis is

A

The swelling of the tissue that lines the eyelids and surface of the eye

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8
Q

Chemosis can lead to

A

Poor lid eye contact, desiccation (dryness) of the conjunctiva and dweller

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9
Q

Dellen is

A

Thinning of cornea that occurs from dehydration looks like blood or clear fluid build up in conjunctiva

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10
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva shares blood supply with

A

Lids

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11
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva’s blood supply is from

A

anterior ciliary arteries

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12
Q

Sensory innervation of conjunctiva

A

V1 (ophthalmic branch)

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13
Q

Barrier mechanism of conjunctiva

A

Microbiologic (pathogens), physical (curl-de-sac)

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14
Q

What helps protect conjunctiva

A

Lymphatic tissue, extra tissue and curl-de-sac

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15
Q

Extensive scarring an contraction of the conjunctiva may lead to

A

Motility restriction and diplopia

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16
Q

Pemphigoid

A

Progressive scarring and shrinkage of the conjunctiva with opacification of the cornea

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17
Q

Mechanical functions of the conjunctiva

A

Barrier, lubrication, facilitates eye movement

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18
Q

The conjunctiva is nutritional metabolic support to adjacent tissues like ___. Because it is __.

A

The sclera, cornea, iris, and ciliary body.

It is highly vascular and helps non vascularized areas

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19
Q

When there’s inflammation in the conjunctiva, you will see

A

VD of superficial vessels, mostly in periphery, away from the limbus

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20
Q

Inflammation of cornea, iris, and CB: will VD

A

Deeper vessels, towards the limbus: ciliary flush at the limbus

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21
Q

What contributes to the episcleral arterial circle

A

Both the anterior ciliary and long posterior ciliary arteries (anastomosis)

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22
Q

Blood flow of the conjunctiva

A

Oscillates rather than flows between rectus muscle insertion sites (stagnation of flow)

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23
Q

Stagnation of flow of the conjunctiva leads to

A

Greater risk of inflammatory disease in this region in the patients with autoimmune disease

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24
Q

Conjunctiva has the small role of maintenance of IOP

A

Aqueous veins drains from anterior chamber

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25
Q

Conjunctiva discharge is made of

A

Exudate, debris, mucus and tears

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26
Q

Serous

A

Allergic conjunctivitis

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27
Q

Mucoid

A

VKC and KCS (dry eyes )

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28
Q

Purulent

A

Severe acute bacterial conjunctivitis

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29
Q

Mucopurulent

A

Mild bacterial conjunctivitis and chlamydial conjunctivitis

30
Q

Acute conjunctivitis

A

Pus and mucus

31
Q

Exudate

A

Protein and cells

32
Q

Inflammation papillae

A

Dilates, telangiectatic vessels: dot- like changes to enlarged tufts surrounded by edema and cells

33
Q

Mild papillae

A

Smooth, velvety appearance

34
Q

Chronic/progressive papillae

A

Elevates POLYGONAL, hyperemic mounds, with a central red dot (dilated capillary)

35
Q

Papillae are associated with

A
  • bacterial/ allergic reactions
  • chronic blepharitis
  • floppy eyelid syndrome (sleep apnea)
  • SLKC ( superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis)
  • contact lens wear
36
Q

What are follicles

A

Focal lymphoid nodule with accessory vascularization, round, or oval clusters of lymphocytes like grains of rice

37
Q

Small follicles are often visible where

A

Normal lower fornix

38
Q

Clusters of enlarged, non inflammed follicles in the inf. Fornix of children and adolescents

A

Benign lymphoid folliculosis

39
Q

What is follicular conjunctivitis: Redness and new or enlarged follicles is caused by

A

CHAT: chlamydia, herpes, adenovirus, toxic

Viral & toxic/irritive

40
Q

Focal or diffuse dilation of the sub-epithelial plexus of conjunctival vessels

A

Hyperemia

41
Q

Conjunctival edema caused by transudate from conjunctival capillaries. Often associated with acute allergic conjunctivitis

A

Chemosis

42
Q

Laxity of conjunctiva, sometimes with prolapse over the inferior eyelid margin. Often associated with chronic inflammation, blepharitis and dry eye

A

Chalasis

43
Q

The 2 mechanisms of chronic epiphora are

A
  • interference with inferior tear meniscus

- occlusion of inferior punctum

44
Q

Coagulated exudate adhered to inflamed epithelium

A

Pseudomembrane (inflammation of conjunctiva)
Easily peeled off
(Adenovirus infection, Steven Johnson syndrome, gonococcal conjunctivitis)

45
Q

Infiltrate superficial layers of conjunctival epithelium

A

Membrane (inflammation of conjunctiva)
(Diphtheria, beta hemolytic streptococcus)
-cannot remove

46
Q

Conjunctival scarring severity ranges from

A

Subepithelial fibrosis to symblepharon with eyelid distortion

47
Q

Chronic inflammation in ocular surface epithelium

A

Keratinization

48
Q

Yellow-white, amorphous subepithelial deposits in the inter palpebral zone adjacent to the limbus

A

Pinguecula

49
Q

Pinguecula may have recurrent ___.

A

Inflammation and ocular irritation

50
Q

Pinguecula treatment

A

Lubrications therapy or surgical excision

51
Q

Common degenerative lesion as a result of the effects of UV radiation

A

Pinguecula

52
Q

Strongly associated with UV exposure, dryness, inflammation, exposure to wind, dust, or other irritants

A

Pterygium

53
Q

Upregulation of cytokines (VEGF), cellular migration and angiogenesis

A

Petrygium

54
Q

Wing shaped fold of conjunctival and fibrovascular tissue invades the superficial cornea with destruction of bowmans layer

A

Pterygium

55
Q

What is stocker’s line

A

Iron line at the head if a pterygium seen by cobalt blue light

56
Q

A connective tissue composed of fibroblasts embedded in an extra cellular matrix (ECM) of collagen and elastics fibers interspersed with several types of peptidoglycans

A

Sclera

57
Q

Opaqueness of the sclera is due to

A

It’s water constant and the less uniform orientation of the collagen fibers

58
Q

Function of the sclera

A

Maintains the shape and size of the eye

59
Q

Sclera is a vascular except for

A

The superficial vessels of the episclera and the intrascleral vascular plexus

60
Q

Although the sclera is devoid of innervation it

A

Allows for the passage of nerves (optic and ciliary nerves )

61
Q

Episclera vessels attachment to sclera

A

Firmly attached

62
Q

A layer of dense vascular connective tissue, superimposed on the sclera and merges with the scleral stroma below

A

Episclera

63
Q

Mechanisms of emmetropization include regulation of axial elongation via active control of

A
  • The scleral extracellular matrix

- choroidal thickness

64
Q

Jaundice is

A

Yellow conjunctiva and sclera secondary to accumulation of bilirubin

65
Q

Jaundice can be due to

A
  • liver, gallbladder, or pancreas disease

- infections, drugs, cancer, blood disorders, birth defects

66
Q

Age elated scleral degeneration

A
  • scleral rigidity increases
  • scleral hydration decreases + mucopolysaccharide content
  • subconjunctival deposition of fat gives the sclera a yellow color
  • calcium plaques are visible as ovoid or rectangular zones of grayish transluncency surface
67
Q

Scleritis is caused by

A

Immune mediated vasculitis - frequently leads to destruction of the sclera.

68
Q

Treatment of scleritis

A

Systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressants

69
Q

Episclera this treatment

A

Resolves spontaneously. Topical or oral nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) may be prescribed for pain

70
Q

Chieftain complain of Episcleritis

A

Ocular redness and mild tenderness, typically in only one sector of the globe. Pain worsens by palpating of the globe

71
Q

Episcleritis is

A

Common, self limited, generally benign inflammation of the episcleral tissues. It can be diffuse or nodular

Ocular Physiology (7 decks)

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