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Japanese > Conjugation, tenses and grammar > Flashcards

Conjugation, tenses and grammar Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of verbs?

A

U verbs, Ru verbs, Irregular verbs

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2
Q

How are u verbs conjugated to long forms?

A

the last vowel turns into the previous vowel in the hiragana chart, so かう becomes かいます because the う turns to い (previous vowel + masu basically)

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3
Q

How are ru verbs conjugated to long forms?

A

the ru is replaced with ます so たべる becomes たべます

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4
Q

How are ru verbs identified?

A

they always end with either iru or eru

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5
Q

How are u verbs identified?

A

they are either ending in aru, oru or uru and isn’t an irregular

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6
Q

ます is the present affirmative, what is the present negative?

A

ません

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7
Q

Nouns used in sentences should generally have particles which indicate relation to the nouns and verbs, what are the four particles we learn?

A

を　で　に　へ

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8
Q

When would you use the particle を ?

A

When there is a direct object, the particle indicates direct object, kind of things that are directly involved in or affected by the event
e.g.
おんがくをききます

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9
Q

When would you use the particle で ?

A

When indicating where the event described by the verb takes place
e.g.
としょかんでほんをよみます

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10
Q

When would you use the particle に ?

A

It has many meanings but here we will learn:
1. Goal towards which things move e.g. うちにかえります
2. Time at which an event takes place e.g. しゅういちじにねます
(Approximate time references are made by substituting に with ごろ or ごろに

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11
Q

When would you use the particle へ

A

With some irregular verbs you can replace the goal of movement に with へ (Note. the H is silent in he)

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12
Q

When would you use ～ませんか ?

A

When extending an invitation, as ますか cannot be used. Therefore ひるごはんをたべますか is a question and can’t be an invitation
e.g.
ひるごはのたべませんか
= what do you say to having lunch with me?

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13
Q

What is the standard word order for sentences?

A

-Topic/Time/Place/Object/Verb
Topic/Frequency/Time/Goal/Verb

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14
Q

When can you use the verb あります and います

A

あります is for non living things
います is for living things

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15
Q

What are alternative uses of あります and います

A

あります = to say that you have or own something
います = to say that an event will take place

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16
Q

How would you say there is a thing/ person

A

place に thing/person が あります/います

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17
Q

how would you say something is over there?

A

… あそこです

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18
Q

What is the format for saying X’s location relative to Y and Z

A

X は Y と Z の_____です

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19
Q

What is the format for saying X’s location relative to just Y

A

X は Y の______です

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20
Q

What is the past tense affirmative and negative of です

A

でした　じゃなかったです

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21
Q

What is the present tense affirmative and negative of です

A

です　じゃないです

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22
Q

What is the past tense affirmative and negative of verbs

A

ました　ませんでした

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23
Q

what is the present tense affirmative and negative of verbs

A

ます　ません

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24
Q

When can particle も be used?

A

In reference to the second item which shares a common attribute with the first

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25
Q

When can particle も also be used?

A

When to or more people perform the same activity

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26
Q

When replacing particles は　を　に　で with も how would they turn out as

A

For は and を they would be entirely replaced as も but particles に and で become にも and でも

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27
Q

How do you say an approximate measurement?

A

You can put ぐらい after the measurement, so じかんぐらい for example after a time

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28
Q

Where should an expression of quantity go?

A

either before the noun or after particle を しゃしんをたくさん or たくさんをしゃしん

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29
Q

What are the two functions of と?

A
  1. To connect nouns A and B
  2. To say “together with”
    for example: メアリーさんとソラさん…
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30
Q

What is the PRESENT TENSE affirmative and negative for い-adjectives (さむい)

A

Affirmative: です
Negative: くないです/くありません

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31
Q

What is the PRESENT TENSE affirmative and negative for な-adjectives (げんき　な）

A

Affirmative: です
Negative: じゃないです/じゃありません

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32
Q

What is the PRESENT TENSE affirmative and negative for irregular adjective (いい)

A

Affirmative: です
Negative: よくないです/よくありません

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33
Q

If you want to add degree adverbs, where would you put them?

A

Before the adjective, for example very hot would be とてもあついです。

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34
Q

What is the PAST TENSE affirmative and negative of い-adjectives (さむい)

A

Affirmative: かったです
Negative: くなっかたです/くありませんでした

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35
Q

What is the PAST TENSE affirmative and negative of な-adjectives (げんき(な))

A

Affirmative: でした
Negative: じゃなかったです/じゃありませんでした

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36
Q

What is the past affirmative and negative of the irregular adjective “いい”?

A

Affirmative: よかったです
Negative: よくなかったです/よくありませんでした

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37
Q

How do you modify a noun with an adjective?

A

You can place the dictionary form of an い adjective before the noun, or for な adjectives you place the な back in front of the noun e.g.
おもしろいえいが
きれいなしゃしん

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38
Q

How do you say you’re neutral towards liking or disliking something?

A

すきでもきらいでもないです。

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39
Q

How do you modify nouns to say favourite with すき adjective?

A

you would say
これはわたしのすきなほんです
This is my favourite book

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40
Q

How do you say “let’s…” as in suggesting a plan of action?

A

replce the ending ます with ましょう or ましょうか

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41
Q

How does the conjugation for te forms look for ru verbs?

A

る = て

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42
Q

how does the conjugation for te forms look for U verbs?

A

う　つ　る　= って
む　ぶ　ぬ　= んで
く = exception (かく=いて,行く＝って)
ぐ = いで
す = して

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43
Q

How does the conjugation for te forms look like for irregular verbs?

A

する = して
くる = きて

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44
Q

How do you use the te form to make a polite request of someone?

A

use the verbal te form with ください to make a polite request “please do… for me” e.g.
おしえてください

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45
Q

How do you use the te form to combine two activities? (such as I did this and then did that)

A

Use te form on first activity, then use a “,” and describe the second event in long form…
としょかんにいって、ほんおかります。
I will go to the library, and check out some books

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46
Q

How do you use te form to say “you may…”?

A

use もいいです, or for a question say もいいですか e.g.
(The polite way to grant permission is どうぞ)
トイレにいってもいいですか。
(May I go to the bathroom)
はい、いいですよ。

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47
Q

How do you use te form to say you must not do?

A

verbal te form plus はいけません e.g.
ここでしゃしんをとってはいけません。
You must not take pictures here.

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48
Q

How do you use から to explain the reason or cause of a situation?

A

Situation。Explanationから

49
Q

How do you offer assistance or say “Let me do…”?

A

Say ましょうか。Similar to the ましょうか used for “Let’s…”
e.g.
にもつをもちましょうか
Shall I carry your bag?

50
Q

What are the three types of verbs that Japanese verbs can be categorised into?

A
  1. Verbs describing ACTIVITIES that last for some time (たべる)
  2. Verbs describing CHANGES more or less instantaneous (おきる)
  3. Verbs describing continuous STATES (ある)
51
Q

How do you explain an action in progress (an activity verb)?

A

activity verbている = action in progress
たけしさんはえいごのほんをよんでいます
Takeshi is reading a book in english.

52
Q

How can you use te form to explain someone’s profession or occupation/habit?

A

use ています
私はえいごをおしえています。
I teach english.

53
Q

How do you describe the second type of verbs that explain a change of state?

A

change verbsている = result of change
ゆいさんはまどのちかくにすわっています。
Yui is seated near the window (state resulting from being seated)

54
Q

How would you use the verb しる (to know) to say someone is in the state of knowing someone?

A

しっている

55
Q

What is the format for describing a persons body part?

A

Aさんは__が__。
Aさんはめがおおきいです。
Person A has a big eye.

56
Q

How can you use te-forms to join sentences?

A

い and な adjectives and です after nouns have te forms, which can be used to combine two elements to form longer sentences.
-For い adjectives = substituting くて for the final い
-For な adjectives and noun+です = adding で to the base or noun
e.g.
あのみせのたべものはやすくて、おいしいです。
The food at that restaurant is inexpensive and delicious.

57
Q

How can we describe a movement and the purpose of movement with verb stem?

A

destination of movement (に／へ)Verb stem/purpose of movementに(verb)
e.g.
デパートにかばんをかいにいきました。
I (went to a department store) to (buy a bag)

58
Q

How do you count people, what is the counter?

A

counter for people is 人(にん) but one/two person is irregular
1: ひとり
2: ふたり

59
Q

What is the short form of affirmative verbs?

A

Dictionary form. so よみます = よむ

60
Q

What is the short form of affirmative い adjectives?

A

Drop the です。So かわいいです would become かわいい　

61
Q

What is the short form of affirmative な adjectives?

A

Replace です with だ。

62
Q

What is the short form of affirmative Noun + です ?

A

Replace the です with だ

63
Q

What is the short form of negative verbs?

A

Ru verb - Drop final る and add ない
U verb - Drop last う and add あない, verbs with う get わ instead of お (かう=かわない)
Irr verb - する＝しない　くる＝こない
Exception - Verb ある totally replaced by adjective ない

64
Q

What is the short form of negative い adjectives (except いい)

A

Drop です。

65
Q

What is the short form of negative な adjectives?

A

Drop です。

66
Q

What is the short form of noun + です。

A

Drop です。

67
Q

When should short form be used?

A

When with a close friend/family or inferior

68
Q

How can you ask questions in short form casual?

A

By removing the か and implying questioning through rising intonation

69
Q

What happens to だ in spoken short form casual?

A

It will be dropped often for casual speech after a な adjective or a noun, you keep the last だ in the written language though (EXCEPTION WHEN USING よ OR ね)

70
Q

In casual speech what are はい and いいえ replaced by?

A

うん and ううん

71
Q

How do you say “I think that…“　in short form?

A

You use the short form plus “とおもいます”
EXAMPLE: たけしさんはメアリーさんがすきだとおもいます。

72
Q

How do you say “I don’t think that…”

A

～ないとおもいます

73
Q

How do you quote a persons utterance with short form?

A

Short form + といっていました (They said…)
Example: ヤスミンさんは、あしたしけんがあるといっていました。

74
Q

How do you request someone refrain from doing something with short form?

A

With negative verbal short form + でください (Please don’t…)
Short form: 入らないでください。
Long form: 入ってはいけません。

75
Q

How can you describe what you like/dislike doing?

A

verb short form + の turns a verb into a noun describing an action, so combine this with がすきです／きらいです
Example:
私は日本語を勉強するのがすきです。
I like studying the Japanese Language.

76
Q

How do you say you’re good or bad at something?

A

Verb short form + の +
～がじょうずです(Is good at…)
～がへたです(Is bad at…)

77
Q

ロバートさんは沖縄に行きました
Explain the use of は as a particle

A

-The particle は will be used if Robert has already been established as a topic (As for Robert, he went to Okinawa)
-When there’s less info known (don’t know someone went to Okinawa, or that it was Robert) the particle が is used (ROBERT went to Okinawa)

78
Q

In terms of question sentences 何 and だれ is there は or が used after?

A

が is most commonly used, a question word that is the subject of a sentences is never followed by particle は、but always particle が
A noun that provides the answer is also always followed by particle が
Example:
どのクラスがおもしろいですか。
日本語のクラスがおもしろいです。

79
Q

How do you say: Something, Anything? and Not… anything (nothing)

A

Something: Positive statement + 何か
Anything: Question + 何か
Not anything: 何も + negative statement

80
Q

What are the past tense short forms of verbs?

A

たべ”た”＝たべ”て”
よん”だ”＝よん”で”

81
Q

What is the past tense short form of い adjectives?

A

かわいかった=かわいい／かわいかったです

82
Q

What is the past tense short form of な adjectives?

A

しずか”だった”＝しずか”でした”

83
Q

What is the past tense short form of noun + です?

A

がくせいだった＝がくせいでした

84
Q

What is the past tense short form of negative verbs?

A

よまなかった＝よまない

85
Q

What is the past tense short form of negative い adjectives?

A

かわいくなかった＝かわいくない

86
Q

What is the past tense short form of negative な adjectives?

A

しずかじゃなかった＝しずかじゃない

87
Q

What is the past tense short form of negative noun + です?

A

がくせいじゃなかった＝がくせいじゃない

88
Q

Can question particle か be also dropped in past tense forms of informal speech?

A

Yes,
A. けさ、朝ご飯を食べた？
B.うん、たべた。／ううん、たべなかった。

89
Q

Is だった dropped in Past tense informal speech, like だ in present tense informal speech?

A

No, だった is not dropped in past tense informal speech, unlike だ in present tense

90
Q

How do you report what you think took place in the past (Past tense: I think…)

A

Similar to present tense, you use the short form in the past tense with ～と思います

91
Q

How do you report what someone said in the past?

A

Short form past tense + と言っていました。

92
Q

What must be noted when repeating someone’s utterance that used the present tense

A

It must also have the present tense inside the quote (unlike English)
Example of English:
A: “I want bread”
B: “B said he wanted bread”
Example of Japanese:
A: “はい、ばんごはんをたべています”
B:”Aさんはばんごはんをたべ”ている”といっていました。

93
Q

What is a noun modifier used to describe peoples current actions and states?

A

Verb + ている
For example,
A: ゆいさんはどのひとですか。
B:あそこでほんをよんでいるひとです。
A: Which one is yui?
B: Yui is the one who is reading a book over there.

94
Q

How can から be used to say … therefore… in a sentence?

A

Explanationから, Situation
As opposed to
Situation, Explanationから
Which means:
Situation, because = explanation

95
Q

How can ～ました be used with affirmative past tense?

A

To Explain an event that happened at a certain time in the past, and to explain a past event that still has an effect at present:
1. きのうしゅくだいをしました。
2.もうしゅくだいをしました。
1. I did the homework yesterday.
2. I have already done the homework.

96
Q

With the negative past tense, how can it be explained in terms of how things stand now?

A

ている is used if your intention is to talk about how things stand now “not yet”
Have already… = もう～ました
Have not…yet = まだ～ていません

97
Q

How must a sentence be framed to express that one thing is greater than the other?

A

A のほうが B より (characteristic).
A is more (characteristic) than B
EXAMPLE:
中国のほうが日本よりおおきいです。
China is bigger than Japan.

98
Q

How do you ask a question comparing two items?

A

A と B と どちらのほう／どっちのほうが (characteristic)
Between A and B which is more (characteristic)?

99
Q

How would you ask a question comparing three or more items?

A

You would use the degree qualifier いちばん
AとBとC(characteristic)Ｘのなかで
Aがいちばん(Characteristic)
= A is the most (Characteristic) amongst the group of items

100
Q

In questions regarding statements of comparison amongst three or more items what words are used?

A

Instead of のほう and どっち (used in comparison of 2) normal question words such as だれ,どれ,なに,いつ and どこ are used instead。

101
Q

When can a noun be replaced with の？

A

When a noun follows an adjective, and when it is clear what you are referring to, you can replace the noun with the indefinite noun の, “one”, to avoid repetition. (normally used for things not people)
EXAMPLE:
私は黒いセーターをもっています。赤いのももっています。(の＝セーター)
I have a black sweater. I have a red one too.

102
Q

How can “の” be used in the sense of possession?

A

By replacing nouns to say “yours” or “mine”, for example:
これはソラさんのかばんですか。
Is this Sora’s bag?
いいえ、それはメアリーさんのです。
No, that is Mary’s
Noun1 の Noun2 = Noun1 の

103
Q

What can つもり be used for?

A

It follows verbs in present tense short forms to describe what a person plans to do in the future.
Or a verb in the negative plus つもり to say what you plan not to do.
Verb (short,present) + つもり = I intend to do…
Verb (Short, present, negative) + つもり = I intend not to do…

104
Q

How is the verb なる used to describe nouns and adjectives?

A

As なる means “to become” it indicates a change:
い adjective: あたたかい＝あたたか”くなる”
な adjective: しずか(な)=しずか”にある”
Noun: かいしゃいん＝かいしゃいん”になる”
TO BECOME WARM/QUIET/COMPANY EMPLOYEE

105
Q

When using なる to indicate change, you may be describing absolute change or partial change (improvement etc.), how would you indicate partial change?

A

By using the pattern for comparison with なる:
メアリーさんは前より日本語がじょうずにありました。
Mary has become better in Japanese than before.

106
Q

Whilst question words どこ、だれ and なにか don’t need the particles は、が or を they do need other particles, which are…

A

どこか”へ”いきましたか。
だれか”に”あいましたか。
なにかしましたか。(none)

107
Q

What is the purpose of particle で with nouns?

A

To describe means of transportation and instruments used…
はし”で”ごはんをたべます。
We eat our meals with chopsticks

108
Q

How can a hope or aspiration be described?

A

By combining verb stem (thing before ます) With たいです
Example:
いつか中国にいきたいです。
I want to go to China someday.

109
Q

How is the たい used to describe a persons wish conjugated?

A

It conjugates as an い adjective, for example as a negative and past tense…
あの人には会いた”くない”です
I don’t want to see that person
お弁当が買いた”いかった”から、コンビニにいきました。　
I went to a convenience store, because I wanted to buy a boxed lunch

110
Q

How would you describe a wish that has been entertained for some time “I have wanted to…”?

A

You will use たいと思っています instead of たいです。

111
Q

How do you describe wishes held by others?

A

You wouldn’t typically use たいです to describe wishes held by others, instead you’d just use と言っていました with たい
メアリーさんはチベットに行きたいと言っていました。
Mary said she wanted to go to Tibet

112
Q

When the て form is used to describe two clauses, such as: Doing shopping and eating dinner.
How could you suggest these two activities aren’t the only plans and aren’t chronologically organised?

A

Use a special predicate form:
～たり～たりする
For example:
大阪で買い物をし”たり”、晩ご飯を食べ”たり”します。
In Osaka, I will do things such as shopping and eating dinner.

113
Q

How can you gain the たり form of a predicate? (します or 食べます for example)

A

By just adding り to the past tense form of a predicate (した and たべた in this example), the する added at the end of the sentence will then indicate the tense of the sentence

114
Q

How is する used to indicate the tense of a ”たり” sentence?

A

For example, for past tense it would be しました, or for present it’d remain as する

115
Q

How can you describe that you did something, or something happened in earlier times?

A

By using the past tense short form of a verb + ことがある
Example:
富士山にのぼった”ことがあります”。
I have had the experience of climbing Mt. Fuji

116
Q

If someone asks a question using ことがありますか。How can you answer?

A

By either repeating the whole verbal complex or simply using: あります／ありません

117
Q

How can や be used as a particle for two Nouns?

A

When suggesting an example, you may connect Noun A and Noun B
A や B = A and B for example

118
Q
A

Japanese (93 decks)

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