Congresses Flashcards
Congress Aix-la-chapelle 1818
Russia, Austria, Prussia settled indemnity and withdrawing occupying armies. But divisions. Tsar wanted to bring France into alliance, allowing French monarchy to settle unrest in Europe. French Russian alliance! Austria and Britain saw danger, compromised. Quadruple Alliance renewed to ensure vigilance against French aggression. Russia’s wants were ignored.
Vienna Settlement 1815
First PoP 1814 lenient. (Compensation, restored frontiers). Cordon sanitaire. Poland and saxony (Prussia compensated for losing polish territories, given Saxony) but Russia wanted gains, other powers feared upset of balance of power. Expansion was too close to Austrian borders. Austria secured Lombardy, furthered influence and restored Italy. Success? Compromises. Didn’t enforce dictated peace. Not fair to criticise them ignoring masses wishes. Some concessions to liberalism and nationalism. Produced stability–powers willing to try to resolve problems in order to achieve ambitions. Failure? Reactionaries. People transferred under monarchs they didn’t want. Failed to reestablish order. No real balance of power!!
Congress of Troppau 1820
Russia unsure whether to support France or Austria. Shared Austrians alarm with challenges to monarchy but saw gains with France. Britain opposed intervention. Britain and France sent observers. Austrian and Russian alliance, tsar agreed he would support Austria in revolutions. Prussia fell in line. Agreed upon intervening in countries to suppress revolutions.
Congress of Laibach 1821
Attempt of mediation. Failed. Austria intervened in Naples and restored Ferdinand, angering Britain. She thought this was a bad thing to do in the name of the Holy Alliance, even though she agreed that she had a right to invade. Reason for collapse in congress. Spain and Eastern question. Russia wanted to send troops, Austria and Britain hesitant.
Congress of Verona 1822
Castlereagh committed suicide–new personalities, Canning. Austria found it hard to cooperate with new forge in secretary. Canning had belief “every nation for itself.” Tsar still adamant to combat revolution–Spanish revolt. Austria didn’t want her to march across Europe, and intervention would isolate Britain. Solution– persuade France to join powers to send notes to Spain.
