Congress of Vienna, IR, and Isms Flashcards
Congress of Vienna Countries
- England
- Russia
- Prussia
- Austria
- France
England Representatives and Desires
- Robert Stewart (Lord Castlereagh)
- wanted superior navy and trade and balance of power to build their empire with colonies
Russia Representatives and Desires
- Tzar Alexander I (Romanor)
- supported Christian Autocratic Absolute Monarchy
- All in all wanted holy alliance with strict autocratic rule
Prussia Representatives and Desires
- Count von Hardenburg (Hohenzollern)
- dominated by what Russia wanted
- for the holy alliance
Austria Representatives and Desires
- Klemens von Metternich (Hapsburg)
- supported Autocratic Christian Rule
- Dominant politician in Europe for next 30 years (Age of Metternich)
France Representatives and Desires
- Charles Talleyrand
- supporter of Bourbon monarchy
- no say in C.o.V and lost
Restoration and Compensation+ Holy Alliance
Creates the holy alliance between Russian, Prussian, Austria, and France
Restoration and compensation
Monarchies get their countries back
Compensated for the losses in land and money
Looks to settle disruption caused by FR and Napolean
Do so in a conservative manner
They think the FR was wrong
Believed in an old fashioned way of doing things
People were not happy with that
Political intro to the industrial revolution
Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Government
1700-1800s
- Constitutional monarchy contributes to the beginning because there is more freedom, encouraged economic growth and change
- When laws are more important than people, there is a much more likelihood of change
Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Population Growth
In 1750 there were approximately 6 million people in England
In 1850 there were approximately 18 million people in England
More babies are surviving; decreased mortality rate due to
Medical advancements from the scientific revolution
Better food- improved diets (middle of the 1700s, good weather, and good overseas trade)
Public sanitation improved drastically
Stopped burying dead people in the streets
Improved sewer systems
Better health
Better building materials: stone and slate began to replace wood and thatch, kept homes warmer, keep pests out, etc
Improved personal hygiene (has to do with overseas trade as well)
Washed their clothes, especially cotton increase led to an increase of availability of undies, and being able to have multiple undies, and made it clean, was also affordable for people who didn’t have it before
Availability of soap
The increase in population contributes to MORE people, MORE ideas, and most importantly, MORE workers
Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Agricultural Revolution+Jethro Tull
Change in how people farmed
crop rotation→ plant things in different areas to spread nutrients
Jethro Tull→ seed drill- allowed for seeds to be planted without destroying the upper level of soil
Farming changed from subsistence farming to surplus farming
Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Enclosure movement
Setting aside millions of acres for agricultural experimentation
Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Guilds and Mills
This was the beginning of the factory system that centered around guilds and mills
Guild- an association of workers (usually of one trade)
Mills- spun by water, grounded and pounded
Causes of the Industrial Revolution- English Monetary system
Capitalism- the goal is to own your own stuff to make private wealth
Encouraged loans, investments, and insurance of this having to do with banks
Increased circulation of $$
Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Geography
In England
Island
Flat
Small
Much easier to get people and things around
Significant rivers and water transportation (easier than land transportation)
Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Religion
English monarchy closely tied to the Anglican church
Forced people to take oaths with the church
If they didn’t take oaths, they couldn’t go to certain schools, couldn’t have certain jobs, couldn’t vote
Dissenters were the people that were NOT Anglicans
I.e. Puritans, Presbyterians, Unitarians, Congregationalists, etc
When they were restricted, they took part in industry, built schools that taught them about business, trade, industry
Not considered “Special”
Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Wood+Abraham Darby
England was running out of wood Needed alternative sources of energy Alternative is coal They mine it A Scottish man named Abraham Darby, through experimentation is able to use coal as a viable source of energy through burning. This experimentation is the transition from the causes to the IR itself
How was coal mining significant
Coal mining is one of the first major becomes one of the first industries of the industrial revolution and is used with James Watt
James Watt
Created and improves upon the steam-powered engine
Dramatically changes the industry
If you take the ice and turn it through heating (to water) it takes a lot longer to turn ice to water than to turn water into hotter water
He harnessed the hidden heat to make an engine push or pull a piston grind and gear
Huge effect on mills; moving water
Doesn’t happen that much when it is flat
Makes a steam engine regardless of its proximity to water
Effects moving the mills from outside the mountain streams into the town
Textiles: Richard Arkwright and Henry Bessemer
Richard Arkwright
Helped with water mills, created jobs
Henry Bessemer invented a process that made steel stronger and more malleable than iron
Railroads
Got people places faster movement→ spread ideas You can work where you don't live!! Commuting You can go on vacation!! Go to places you could not previously go Decreased incest Increased trade, move stuff Food can improve Business can move around and improve Created jobs Building and maintaining railroad Travel businesses More national, less provincial Could meet people from the same country instead of people from the same province National newspapers could be daily More unified language Increase in info Necessitated of standardization of time Schedule Prevents crash Know when it was leaving Railroads created united states timezone
Negatives of Railroads
-Pollution- Not a deal or important for 100 or so years (no one was talking about using up natural resources)
-Reinforcement of class Issues of classes learned they could charge more for luxury cars, and very little for people to travel like animals
Social Cost: The Positives of Major Transformation in England
Increased opportunities for wealth through "jobs" for virtually all classes The increased quantity and quality of goods More comfortable, stronger, safer, less expensive housing The same thing with fashion too Improvements in the means of transportation, especially the railroads and steamboats Increased international trade There was a rapid rise in cities Job opportunities Leisure time Games Shows Bicycles Diversity Increased availability of information Newspapers Communication
Social Cost: The negatives of Major Transformation in England
Factory work, or work in general, could be exhausting and dangerous Pollution Machine work took away many unskilled jobs Lifestyle changes Eating habits Significant new diseases Heart attacks Diabetes Way more cancer The rapid rise in cities Overpopulation Overcrowding Pollution Crime Class structure racism
The invention of the workers union
As more and more people begin to work in groups, they begin to talk and to join together, and it is the beginning of the split in work between management and workers leading to the formation of the worker’s union
Unified workers are going to have more power than an individual worker for the protection
Workers Union
Negotiate, pay insurance, working conditions, and that was relatively new in IR
Before unions, it was where it was every man for oneself on your own
Numerous people in society call for reform: How much should govt’s have to do with laws? Is it every man for themselves? What are the roles of democracy and government? In other words, should there be regulation??
Eli Whitney
invented the cotton gin in 1793
Charles Dickens
realist who wrote about IR through fiction
Mary Anne Evans (George Eliot)
same person, pseudonym
Wrote middle march
Went by men’s name so she could get attention
Gottlieb Daimler and Rudolf Diesel
Improved internal combustion engine with each other
Michael Faraday
electric generator
Thomas Edison
electricity, electric light
samuel morse
Telegraph, morse code named after him
Alexander Graham Bell
telephone
Guglielmo Marconi
invented the radio
Introduction to the 19th Century -isms
Nationalism
Liberalism
Conservatism
Socialism
Until 1848, these various isms played a role in western politics
Got success
Thus, it caused the collapse of the 1848 revolutions
Justified machiavellian tactics for the unification of Italy, the oncoming civil war, or the British world empire
now was co-opted
Nationalism
Heightened enthusiasm for one’s own nation
Combination of the fear spread by the FR (executions) and the physical dominance created by Napoleon caused people to start looking inward for protection
Protection from another Napoleon incident is a strong nation
Looking to build upon that is a major theme of the rest of the 19th century, and almost all of the 20th century
How important is nationalism to us as a society?
Are our lives going to be better if the US is the strongest country or does it not matter?
Being strong as a nation binds a nation because they are ONE nation
Based on nationalism, the Italians want to be a single nation
Nationalism can both unify and separate
Liberalism and the relative political theory
The following is in terms of the status quo: the way things are
-Revolutionary: overthrow the status quo and create something new
-Radical: bigger change
-Liberal: minor “new” change
-Conservative: wants to maintain the status quo
Conservatism definition- a reliance on order and precedent (something that has already happened/ already exists), often lacking faith in the individual.
-Reactionary: want to go back to an even earlier time
-One of the most important liberal views is freedom. Specifically, individual freedom
John Stuart Mill
Increasing individual freedoms could improve society
Particularly called for 4 types of freedom
Thought
Expression
Political association
Press
He was a supporter of the idea that governments job was to protect people’s individual rights. He was considered radical because he said that adults should be able to vote.
Called for universal voting
Mary Wollstonecraft
Had a famous daughter who married a poet called Shelly
Daughter called Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly
She herself was considered a radical
A woman should get equal rights, intellectual and moral equals of men.
Equal opportunity in education for wives and mother
Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarianism
More radical
Believed that for people to be more useful in society, they should be happy. The happier a person, the more useful they’ll be.
Definition of happiness at this time: having the opportunity to be satisfied
The potential role of government in this philosophy
Govt’s job was to provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
Socialism
Most radical and revolutionary
Human beings, by nature, are good
Collective well being promoted instead of the individual well being
Economic as well
Capitalism
Gain as much individual wealth possible
Socialism Theories
Capitalism was unfair
The nature of capitalism pits the worker against the owner.
Collective ownership of the means of production are how things are made
Should replace individual ownership
Basic factory
Economic ownership should rest with the government
A wealth of society should be distributed equally.
A socialist economic system, which is based on collective well being would improve human nature to care for the common good as opposed to the individual good
If a society collectively did this, everyone would be happy
Karl Marx- Dialectical Materialism
Combined the dialectic arguement with a material argument
Every thought or action is its own thesis, and has an opposite, called the antithesis. From the opposite comes conflict. Out of this conflict comes a new thought, or synthesis. Argument says that new synthesis is the result of conflict
Growth occurs with conflict.
Marx beleived that human life was full of material beings in a material world
If life is material beings in a material world, then it is not spiritual.
Revolutionary because people thought we lived in a spirtual world
Karl Marx- Religion
Leave the question of God’s existence out of the world because it can’t be proved
He wants to argue about religion because he said they were created by juman being to control the masses of people by teaching them that faith is more important than material life.
“Opaite of the masses”→ thought religions massed their pains which was life because the weren’t rich and they had nothing going for them
Marx said the reason their lives stunk because all the king, clergy, and rich people that guaranteed that most people lived like dirt, and if they protested, they’d go to hell.
Governments and religions have conspired to keep people ignorant. (his conspiracy theory)
Karl Marx- Historical Continuum
uman growth is economic based on the means of production
The following numbered chart goes up like a stair case, primative being the bottom
1) primative society
Hunting and gathering
2) slave
Force someone else to do your work
3) feudalism/agriculture
4) Industrial revolution
5) workers revolutions
6) **** SOCIALISM (what he promoted)
He wrote Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital
Writes 2 books with his business partner Friedrich Engels
Karl Marx- Economic Doctrine
Abolish private property Income tax National state control and ownership (of the means of production) Free public education Abolition of inheritance
Karl Marx- his basic views
Max didn’t understand the power of greed and he thought the union would play a role in
Thought government closely tied to business wouldn’t make compromises (minimum wage, company)
He didn’t see compromise
Compromise prevents workers revolution
Has radical views
His philosophy is to overthrow capitalism (both revolutionary and radical)
