Congress of Vienna, IR, and Isms

Question 1

Congress of Vienna Countries

Answer 1

• England
• Russia
• Prussia
• Austria
• France

Question 2

England Representatives and Desires

Answer 2

• Robert Stewart (Lord Castlereagh)

- wanted superior navy and trade and balance of power to build their empire with colonies

Question 3

Russia Representatives and Desires

Answer 3

• Tzar Alexander I (Romanor)
• supported Christian Autocratic Absolute Monarchy
• All in all wanted holy alliance with strict autocratic rule

Question 4

Prussia Representatives and Desires

Answer 4

• Count von Hardenburg (Hohenzollern)
• dominated by what Russia wanted
• for the holy alliance

Question 5

Austria Representatives and Desires

Answer 5

• Klemens von Metternich (Hapsburg)
• supported Autocratic Christian Rule
• Dominant politician in Europe for next 30 years (Age of Metternich)

Question 6

France Representatives and Desires

Answer 6

• Charles Talleyrand
• supporter of Bourbon monarchy
• no say in C.o.V and lost

Question 7

Restoration and Compensation+ Holy Alliance

Answer 7

Creates the holy alliance between Russian, Prussian, Austria, and France
Restoration and compensation
Monarchies get their countries back
Compensated for the losses in land and money
Looks to settle disruption caused by FR and Napolean
Do so in a conservative manner
They think the FR was wrong
Believed in an old fashioned way of doing things
People were not happy with that
Political intro to the industrial revolution

Question 8

Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Government

Answer 8

1700-1800s

• Constitutional monarchy contributes to the beginning because there is more freedom, encouraged economic growth and change
• When laws are more important than people, there is a much more likelihood of change

Question 9

Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Population Growth

Answer 9

In 1750 there were approximately 6 million people in England
In 1850 there were approximately 18 million people in England
More babies are surviving; decreased mortality rate due to
Medical advancements from the scientific revolution
Better food- improved diets (middle of the 1700s, good weather, and good overseas trade)
Public sanitation improved drastically
Stopped burying dead people in the streets
Improved sewer systems
Better health
Better building materials: stone and slate began to replace wood and thatch, kept homes warmer, keep pests out, etc
Improved personal hygiene (has to do with overseas trade as well)
Washed their clothes, especially cotton increase led to an increase of availability of undies, and being able to have multiple undies, and made it clean, was also affordable for people who didn’t have it before
Availability of soap
The increase in population contributes to MORE people, MORE ideas, and most importantly, MORE workers

Question 10

Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Agricultural Revolution+Jethro Tull

Answer 10

Change in how people farmed
crop rotation→ plant things in different areas to spread nutrients
Jethro Tull→ seed drill- allowed for seeds to be planted without destroying the upper level of soil
Farming changed from subsistence farming to surplus farming

Question 11

Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Enclosure movement

Answer 11

Setting aside millions of acres for agricultural experimentation

Question 12

Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Guilds and Mills

Answer 12

This was the beginning of the factory system that centered around guilds and mills
Guild- an association of workers (usually of one trade)
Mills- spun by water, grounded and pounded

Question 13

Causes of the Industrial Revolution- English Monetary system

Answer 13

Capitalism- the goal is to own your own stuff to make private wealth
Encouraged loans, investments, and insurance of this having to do with banks
Increased circulation of $$

Question 14

Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Geography

Answer 14

In England
Island
Flat
Small
Much easier to get people and things around
Significant rivers and water transportation (easier than land transportation)

Question 15

Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Religion

Answer 15

English monarchy closely tied to the Anglican church
Forced people to take oaths with the church
If they didn’t take oaths, they couldn’t go to certain schools, couldn’t have certain jobs, couldn’t vote
Dissenters were the people that were NOT Anglicans
I.e. Puritans, Presbyterians, Unitarians, Congregationalists, etc
When they were restricted, they took part in industry, built schools that taught them about business, trade, industry
Not considered “Special”

Question 16

Causes of the Industrial Revolution- Wood+Abraham Darby

Answer 16

England was running out of wood
Needed alternative sources of energy
Alternative is coal
They mine it
A Scottish man named Abraham Darby, through experimentation is able to use coal as a viable source of energy through burning. This experimentation is the transition from the causes to the IR itself

Question 17

How was coal mining significant

Answer 17

Coal mining is one of the first major becomes one of the first industries of the industrial revolution and is used with James Watt

Question 18

James Watt

Answer 18

Created and improves upon the steam-powered engine
Dramatically changes the industry
If you take the ice and turn it through heating (to water) it takes a lot longer to turn ice to water than to turn water into hotter water
He harnessed the hidden heat to make an engine push or pull a piston grind and gear
Huge effect on mills; moving water
Doesn’t happen that much when it is flat
Makes a steam engine regardless of its proximity to water
Effects moving the mills from outside the mountain streams into the town

Question 19

Textiles: Richard Arkwright and Henry Bessemer

Answer 19

Richard Arkwright
Helped with water mills, created jobs
Henry Bessemer invented a process that made steel stronger and more malleable than iron

Question 20

Railroads

Answer 20

Got people places faster
movement→ spread ideas
You can work where you don't live!! Commuting
You can go on vacation!! Go to places you could not previously go
Decreased incest
Increased trade, move stuff
Food can improve
Business can move around and improve
Created jobs
Building and maintaining railroad
Travel businesses
More national, less provincial
Could meet people from the same country instead of people from the same province
National newspapers could be daily
More unified language
Increase in info
Necessitated of standardization of time
Schedule
Prevents crash
Know when it was leaving
Railroads created united states timezone

Question 21

Negatives of Railroads

Answer 21

-Pollution- Not a deal or important for 100 or so years (no one was talking about using up natural resources)

-Reinforcement of class
Issues of classes learned they could charge more for luxury cars, and very little for people to travel like animals

Question 22

Social Cost: The Positives of Major Transformation in England

Answer 22

Increased opportunities for wealth through "jobs" for virtually all classes 
The increased quantity and quality of goods
More comfortable, stronger, safer, less expensive housing
The same thing with fashion too
Improvements in the means of transportation, especially the railroads and steamboats
Increased international trade
There was a rapid rise in cities
Job opportunities
Leisure time
Games
Shows
Bicycles
Diversity
Increased availability of information
Newspapers
Communication

Question 23

Social Cost: The negatives of Major Transformation in England

Answer 23

Factory work, or work in general, could be exhausting and dangerous
Pollution
Machine work took away many unskilled jobs
Lifestyle changes
Eating habits
Significant new diseases
Heart attacks
Diabetes
Way more cancer
The rapid rise in cities
Overpopulation
Overcrowding
Pollution
Crime
Class structure
racism

Question 24

The invention of the workers union

Answer 24

As more and more people begin to work in groups, they begin to talk and to join together, and it is the beginning of the split in work between management and workers leading to the formation of the worker’s union
Unified workers are going to have more power than an individual worker for the protection

Question 25

Workers Union

Answer 25

Negotiate, pay insurance, working conditions, and that was relatively new in IR
Before unions, it was where it was every man for oneself on your own
Numerous people in society call for reform: How much should govt’s have to do with laws? Is it every man for themselves? What are the roles of democracy and government? In other words, should there be regulation??

Question 26

Eli Whitney

Answer 26

invented the cotton gin in 1793

Question 27

Charles Dickens

Answer 27

realist who wrote about IR through fiction

Question 28

Mary Anne Evans (George Eliot)

Answer 28

same person, pseudonym
Wrote middle march
Went by men’s name so she could get attention

Question 29

Gottlieb Daimler and Rudolf Diesel

Answer 29

Improved internal combustion engine with each other

Question 30

Michael Faraday

Answer 30

electric generator

Question 31

Thomas Edison

Answer 31

electricity, electric light

Question 32

samuel morse

Answer 32

Telegraph, morse code named after him

Question 33

Alexander Graham Bell

Answer 33

telephone

Question 34

Guglielmo Marconi

Answer 34

invented the radio

Question 35

Introduction to the 19th Century -isms

Answer 35

Nationalism
Liberalism
Conservatism
Socialism
Until 1848, these various isms played a role in western politics
Got success
Thus, it caused the collapse of the 1848 revolutions
Justified machiavellian tactics for the unification of Italy, the oncoming civil war, or the British world empire
now was co-opted

Question 36

Nationalism

Answer 36

Heightened enthusiasm for one’s own nation
Combination of the fear spread by the FR (executions) and the physical dominance created by Napoleon caused people to start looking inward for protection
Protection from another Napoleon incident is a strong nation
Looking to build upon that is a major theme of the rest of the 19th century, and almost all of the 20th century
How important is nationalism to us as a society?
Are our lives going to be better if the US is the strongest country or does it not matter?
Being strong as a nation binds a nation because they are ONE nation
Based on nationalism, the Italians want to be a single nation
Nationalism can both unify and separate

Question 37

Liberalism and the relative political theory

Answer 37

The following is in terms of the status quo: the way things are
-Revolutionary: overthrow the status quo and create something new
-Radical: bigger change
-Liberal: minor “new” change
-Conservative: wants to maintain the status quo
Conservatism definition- a reliance on order and precedent (something that has already happened/ already exists), often lacking faith in the individual.
-Reactionary: want to go back to an even earlier time
-One of the most important liberal views is freedom. Specifically, individual freedom

Question 38

John Stuart Mill

Answer 38

Increasing individual freedoms could improve society
Particularly called for 4 types of freedom
Thought
Expression
Political association
Press
He was a supporter of the idea that governments job was to protect people’s individual rights. He was considered radical because he said that adults should be able to vote.
Called for universal voting

Question 39

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 39

Had a famous daughter who married a poet called Shelly
Daughter called Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly
She herself was considered a radical
A woman should get equal rights, intellectual and moral equals of men.
Equal opportunity in education for wives and mother

Question 40

Jeremy Bentham

Answer 40

Utilitarianism
More radical
Believed that for people to be more useful in society, they should be happy. The happier a person, the more useful they’ll be.
Definition of happiness at this time: having the opportunity to be satisfied
The potential role of government in this philosophy
Govt’s job was to provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

Question 41

Socialism

Answer 41

Most radical and revolutionary
Human beings, by nature, are good
Collective well being promoted instead of the individual well being
Economic as well
Capitalism
Gain as much individual wealth possible
Socialism Theories
Capitalism was unfair
The nature of capitalism pits the worker against the owner.
Collective ownership of the means of production are how things are made
Should replace individual ownership
Basic factory
Economic ownership should rest with the government
A wealth of society should be distributed equally.
A socialist economic system, which is based on collective well being would improve human nature to care for the common good as opposed to the individual good
If a society collectively did this, everyone would be happy

Question 42

Karl Marx- Dialectical Materialism

Answer 42

Combined the dialectic arguement with a material argument
Every thought or action is its own thesis, and has an opposite, called the antithesis. From the opposite comes conflict. Out of this conflict comes a new thought, or synthesis. Argument says that new synthesis is the result of conflict
Growth occurs with conflict.
Marx beleived that human life was full of material beings in a material world
If life is material beings in a material world, then it is not spiritual.
Revolutionary because people thought we lived in a spirtual world

Question 43

Karl Marx- Religion

Answer 43

Leave the question of God’s existence out of the world because it can’t be proved
He wants to argue about religion because he said they were created by juman being to control the masses of people by teaching them that faith is more important than material life.
“Opaite of the masses”→ thought religions massed their pains which was life because the weren’t rich and they had nothing going for them
Marx said the reason their lives stunk because all the king, clergy, and rich people that guaranteed that most people lived like dirt, and if they protested, they’d go to hell.
Governments and religions have conspired to keep people ignorant. (his conspiracy theory)

Question 44

Karl Marx- Historical Continuum

Answer 44

uman growth is economic based on the means of production
The following numbered chart goes up like a stair case, primative being the bottom
1) primative society
Hunting and gathering
2) slave
Force someone else to do your work
3) feudalism/agriculture
4) Industrial revolution
5) workers revolutions
6) **** SOCIALISM (what he promoted)
He wrote Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital
Writes 2 books with his business partner Friedrich Engels

Question 45

Karl Marx- Economic Doctrine

Answer 45

Abolish private property
Income tax
National state control and ownership (of the means of production)
Free public education
Abolition of inheritance

Question 46

Karl Marx- his basic views

Answer 46

Max didn’t understand the power of greed and he thought the union would play a role in
Thought government closely tied to business wouldn’t make compromises (minimum wage, company)
He didn’t see compromise
Compromise prevents workers revolution
Has radical views
His philosophy is to overthrow capitalism (both revolutionary and radical)