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Cardiovascular > Congential > Flashcards

Congential Flashcards

1
Q

Kartagener Syndrome

A

Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Left to right Dinan defect
Dextrocardia

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2
Q

Patent Ovale foramen

A

Failure of septal pretty numb and secundum defused afterbirth

Paradoxical emboli-similar to ASD
Venous Thromboembolism that enters systemic arterial circulation

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3
Q

What is the most common congenital cardiac anomalies

A

VSD - typically membrane septum

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4
Q

Pacemaker rate

SA
AV
Bundle of his/Purkinje/ventricles

A

SA>AV>Bundle of his/purkinje/ventricles

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5
Q

Speed of conduction

Purkinje
Atrial
Ventricle
AV

A

Purkinje > Atria > ventricle > AV node

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6
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Locate it in the posterior inferior part of the inter-atrial septum

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7
Q

T wave-ventricular repolarization

T-wave inversion may indicate what two things?

A

Ischemia or resent myocardio infarction

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8
Q

EKG: U-wave Indicates what

A

Prominent and hypokalemia

Bradycardia

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9
Q

Torsades de pointes

Definition 
Predispose
Progress to
Caused by 
    Drugs (ABCDE)
    Congenital 
Treatment
A

Polymorphic Ventricular tachycardia

Predispose: Long QT interval
Progress: ventricular fibrillation

Causes: Drug-induced long QT
Anti-arrhythmic (class 1A, III)
Antibiotic (macrolide)
Anti-Cychotic (Haloperidol)
Antidepressant TCAs
Anti-Emetics (Ondansetron)

To: Magnesium sulfate

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10
Q

Congenital long QT syndrome

Inherit disorder of myocardial repolarization, typically do to ion channel defects

increased risk of sudden cardiac death due to Torsades de pointes

Romano-Ward syndrome
Jervell and Lange-Nelson syndrome

A

Romano-Ward syndrome
AD, pure cardinal phenotype
No deafness

Jervell and Lange-Nelson syndrome
AR
Sensorineural deafness

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11
Q

Brugada syndrome

Prevention?

A

Autosomal Dominant
Most common in Asian male
Pseudo-RBBB + ST elevation V1-V3
Increased risk of ventricular tech arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death

Sudden cardiac death prevention: implantable cardio converter defibrillator

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12
Q

Wolffe-Parkinson-White syndrome

May result in reentry circuit into what type of tachycardia?

A

Most common type of ventricular Pre-excitation syndrome

Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atrial to ventricle (bundle of Kent) bypasses the rate slowing AV node into ventricle begins to partially depolarize earlier —> delta waves with widened QRS complex and shortened PR interva

reentry circuit —> supraventricular tachycardia

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13
Q

How does the myocardiocyted differ from skeletal muscles (3)

A

Myocardial sites have a plateau, requires calcium to increase calcium release from the sarcolemma reticulum, cells are interconnected by gap junctions.

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14
Q

The lung vasculatures are very unique and that hypoxia causes what?

And contrast, all other organs cause?

A

In hypoxia, the long vasculature will constrict. Shunting more blood to the better ventilating lungs.

All other organs will vasodilatate

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15
Q

Blood in the umbilical vein has a PO2 of _____.

what is the blood percentage saturated with oxygen leaving the placenta into the fetus?

A

30mmHg

80%

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16
Q

mitral stenosis

most common cause

A

Rheumatic fever

Low rumble diastolic murmur after opening snap.

Left atrial enlargement only

Best heard: Apex, left lateral recumbent

Patient has unknown medical history; developing countries
History of streptococcal infection

17
Q

Aortic stenosis
most commonly cause
Triad
Best heard/radiation

A

Crescendo decrescendo systolic murmur
Calcification >60yo

Triad:
Syncope
Angina
Dyspnea

Right upper sternal border
Radiation to carotid

18
Q

Aortic dissection

Definition
Triad
Treatment

Stanford A
Stanford B

A

A layer tear between the Tunica intima and media

Triad:
Sudden substernal chest pain radiating to the back
Severe hypertension
Asymmetric upper extremity pulses

Treatment: beta blockers (esmolol, labetalol)

Stanford A (proximal) involving ascending aorta
Stanford B (distal): Only involves the descending aorta below ligamentous arteriosum
19
Q

Hypertrophy cardiomyopathy

A

Crescendo decrescendo systolic murmur

Best heard: left sternal border

Increase: Valsalva, standing (Decrease preload)

EKG: large T-wave inversion‘s

S4

20
Q

Fetal to post-natal structures

Allantois—> Urachus 
Ductus Arteriosis 
Ductus venosus 
Notochord 
Umbilical arteries (2) 
Umbilical vein (1) 
Foramen ovale
A

Allantois—> Urachus (part of allantois duct between umbilicus-bladder = Median Umbilical ligament

Ductus Arteriosis = ligamentum arteriosum
Ductus venosus = ligamentum venison
Notochord = nucleus propulsus
Umbilical arteries (2) = medial umbilical ligament
Umbilical vein (1) = ligamentum teres hepatis (round ligament) - contained in Falciform ligament 
Foramen ovale = fossa ovalis
21
Q

most common cause of ASD

A

Ostium secundum failure to close

Cardiovascular (7 decks)

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