Congenital heart diseases

Question 1

Congenital heart diseases are typically associated with what genetic disorders?

Answer 1

Trisomies and Turner’s or XO syndrome

Question 2

What is a shunt?

Answer 2

When the blood flow goes to the wrong place such as from left to right or right to left

Question 3

Is a left right shunt cyanotic or non-cyanotic?

Answer 3

Non-cyanotic, the blood is already oxygenated but goes into pulmonary circulation

Question 4

What are the possible negative affects of a left right shunt?

Answer 4

Overload of the lungs leading to pulmonary hypertension, RV hypertrophy, congestive heart failure

Question 5

How can a left right shunt lead to cyanosis?

Answer 5

When pulmonary pressure equals systemic there can be a reversal and a right left shunt is created

Question 6

Is a right left shunt cyanotic?

Answer 6

Yes, the blood bypasses the lungs leading to deoxygenated blood being pumped into the body

Question 7

Is atrial septal defect cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 7

Acyanotic

Question 8

What is another name for the most common atrial septal defect where the foramen ovale does not close?

Answer 8

Secundum asd

Question 9

What are the possible complications of atrial septal defect?

Answer 9

Pulmonary hypertension, cardiac failure, paradoxical embolism where the thrombus is formed in the right atria but travels into the systemic circulation

Question 10

Is tetralogy of falot cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 10

Cyanotic

Question 11

What are the 4 components of tetralogy of falot?

Answer 11

Subpulmonic stenosis where hypertrophy below the pulmonary artery causes narrowing of the lumen

Large VSD

Overriding aorta (attached to both ventricles)

RV hypertrophy leading to right left shunt

Question 12

What is the most common congenital lesion?

Answer 12

Ventricular septal defect

Question 13

Where is VSD located, which is larger?

Answer 13

Muscular or membranous parts of the septum. Membranous is usually larger

Question 14

Is VSD cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 14

Acyanotic

Question 15

Is an AV canal cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 15

Acyanotic

Question 16

What causes AV canal?

Answer 16

A combination of VSD and ASD, almost like having one ventricle and one atria

Question 17

Who is often screened for AV canal?

Answer 17

Those with trisomy 21

Question 18

Is transposition of the great vessels cyanotic or acyanotic?

Answer 18

Cyanotic

Question 19

What happens when there is transposition of the great vessels?

Answer 19

The aorta receives blood from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery receives it from the left

Question 20

How can transposition not be fatal?

Answer 20

When there is communication between the two systems. In newborns the ductus arteriosis allows for this

Question 21

Is patent ductus arteriosis acyanotic or cyanotic?

Answer 21

Acyanotic

Question 22

What is the risk in patent ductus arteriosis?

Answer 22

In a fetus, the ductus allows blood to travel from the pulmonary circulation to the aorta however, in adults it goes the other way around. IN the long term leads to high risk of congestive heart failure

Question 23

Is truncus arteriosis cyanotic or acyanotic

Answer 23

Cyanotic

Question 24

What happens in truncus arteriosis?

Answer 24

There is one vessel that exits both ventricles which splits into the aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 25

What is ALWAYS present in truncus arteriosis?

Answer 25

A ventricular septal defect to allow for shunting and survival

Question 26

What is coarctation of the aorta and who is screened for it?

Answer 26

When there is narrowing of the aorta, those with Turner or XO syndrome are screened for it

Question 27

What can happen to those with coarcation of the aorta that suffer a severe lesion?

Answer 27

Congestive heart failure, poor perfusion below the lesion so cold feet and leg cramps, more perfusion above so headaches and nosebleeds

The body will also grow collateral vessels