Congenital Heart Diseases

Question 1

Congenital heart disease results from ___ expressed either as ___ or ___

Answer 1

results from faulty embryonic development expressed either as misplaced structures or failure of development

Question 2

Congenital heart disease occurs in almost ___% of live births

Answer 2

1%

Question 3

What are five etiologies of congenital heart diseases?

Answer 3

• Maternal rubella infection during the first trimester
• Associations with other viral infections suspected (not well documented)
• Maternal exposure to thalidomide in 10% of babies with thalidomide syndrome (phocomelia)
• Alcohol, amphetamines, phenytoin, lithium, and estrogens
• Maternal diabetes

Question 4

Classification of congenital heart diseases is based on ___ or ___

Answer 4

cyanosis or shunting

Question 5

What does cyanosis refer to?

Answer 5

Blueness

Question 6

What does shunting refer to?

Answer 6

Communication of the heart

Question 7

Does the acyanotic group of CHD appear blue?

Answer 7

Not blue

Question 8

Does the acyanotic group of CHD exhibit shunting?

Answer 8

No shunting

Question 9

What are some examples of acyanotic CHD?

Answer 9

• Coarctation of the aorta
• Right-sided aortic arch
• Ebstein malformation (abnormal formation of tricuspid valve)

Question 10

Is coarctation of the aorta cyanotic?

Answer 10

No, acyanotic

Question 11

Is a right-sided aortic arch cyanotic?

Answer 11

No, acyanotic

Question 12

What is Ebstein malformation?

Answer 12

Acyanotic CHD with abnormal formation of tricuspid valve

Question 13

Does the cyanose tardive group of CHD appear blue?

Answer 13

Born with normal coloration, eventually turning blue

Question 14

Are cyanose tardive group CHD shunting?

Answer 14

Initially left-to-right shunt with late reversal of flow

Question 15

What are some examples of cyanose tardive CHD?

Answer 15

• Ventricular septal defect
• Atrial septal defect
• Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
• Patent foramen ovale

Question 16

Is ventricular septal defect cyanotic?

Answer 16

No, cyanose tardive

Question 17

Is atrial septal defect cyanotic?

Answer 17

No, cyanose tardive

Question 18

Is patent ductus arteriosus cyanotic?

Answer 18

No, cyanose tardive

Question 19

Is patent foramen ovale cyanotic?

Answer 19

No, cyanose tardive

Question 20

What is Eisenmenger complex?

Answer 20

Initially, shunt is left to right; it later becomes right to left

Question 21

Which patients might experience Eisenmenger complex/reversing shunt?

Answer 21

Patients with anomalies of cyanose tardive group congenital heart diseases

Question 22

What type of shunt is involved in cyanose tardive group CHD?

Answer 22

Initially left to right, later right to left (Eisenmenger complex)

Question 23

How does a left to right shunt reverse to a right to left shunt with a cyanose tardive group CHD?

Answer 23

Progressive increases in pulmonary vascular resistance cause the right ventricular pressure to rise to the point where it exceeds that in the left ventricle

Question 24

How are those with cyanotic group congenital heart diseases born?

Answer 24

Blue

Question 25

The cyanotic group CHD involves permanent ___ shunt

Answer 25

right-to-left

Question 26

Is tetrology of Fallot cyanotic?

Answer 26

Yes, cyanotic group

Question 27

What is the abnormality of truncus arteriosus?

Answer 27

Aorta and pulmonary trunk are fused

Question 28

What is the abnormality of tricuspid atresia?

Answer 28

Valve septum never forms; not compatible with life

Question 29

What is the abnormality of transposition of the great vessels?

Answer 29

Aorta and pulmonary trunk switch sides

Question 30

Is truncus arteriosus cyanotic?

Answer 30

Yes, cyanotic group

Question 31

Is tricuspid atresia cyanotic?

Answer 31

Yes, cyanotic group

Question 32

Is transposition of the great vessels cyanotic?

Answer 32

Yes, cyanotic group