Congenital Heart Disease

Question 1

what is a patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 1

failure of ductus arteriosus to close between descending aorta + pulmonary trunk
- creates left to right shunt resulting in increased pressure + heart strain – heart failure

Question 2

what puts babies at risk of a patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 2

prematurity

rubella infection in 1st trimester

Question 3

signs of a PDA

Answer 3

continuous machine like murmur
left subclavicular thrice
bounding, collapsing pulse

Question 4

what closes a PDA in the majority of cases

Answer 4

indomethacin - inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

Question 5

what is an atrial septal defect

Answer 5

hole in the septum between the two atria allowing blood to flow between them
- ostium secondum is the most common type of defect

Question 6

features of an atrial septal defect

Answer 6

ejection systolic murmur
fixed split second heart sound
ECG: RBBB + right axis deviation

Question 7

complications of an atrial septal defect in adulthood

Answer 7

Stoke
AF
Pulmonary HTN – right sided HF
Migraine with aura

Question 8

tx of atrial septal defect

Answer 8

surgical closure

• transcatheter
• open heart surgery

Question 9

what is a ventricular septal defect

Answer 9

hole in the septum between the two ventricles

Question 10

genetic conditions associated with ventricular septal defects

Answer 10

down syndrome

turners syndrome

Question 11

murmur heard in a ventricular septal defect

Answer 11

pansystolic murmur at left sternal edge

Question 12

what can a congenital bicuspid aortic valve result in

Answer 12

aortic stenosis or regurgitation

Question 13

what is coartation of the aorta

Answer 13

congenital narrowing or aortic arch

Question 14

which genetic condition is coartation of the aorta particularly associated with

Answer 14

Turners syndrome

Question 15

features of coartation of the aorta

Answer 15

radio-femoral pulse delay
mid systolic murmur
rib notching on CXR

Question 16

What is Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 16

cyanotic congenital heart disease 
4 things:
- ventricular septal defect
- right ventricular hypertrophy
- overriding aorta 
- right ventricular outflow obstruction - pulmonary stenosis

Question 17

symptoms of tetralogy of fallot

Answer 17

poor growth / feeding
SOB
Cyanosis
ejection systolic murmur in pulmonary area

Question 18

what is given in cyanotic congenital heart disease

Answer 18

prostaglandins to maintain duct until defect is repaired surgically

Question 19

what genetic condition is tetralogy of fallot associated with

Answer 19

DiGeorge syndrome

Question 20

what is transposition of the great arteries

Answer 20

attachments of aorta + pulmonary trunk are ‘swapped’

• right ventricle pumps blood into aorta
• left ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary vessels

will present with cyanosis