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Applied Cardiovascular IV > Congenital Heart Disease > Flashcards

Congenital Heart Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of congenital heart disease?

A

Abnormalities of the heart’s structure that are present at birth

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2
Q

Congenital heart disease affects ____ out of every ____ newborns.

A

1 out of every 125

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3
Q

Each year, more than ____-____ babies in the United States are born with congenital heart defects.

A

35,000 - 40,000

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4
Q

What are the three types of CHD?

A

Shunt lesions, obstructive lesions, and cyanotic lesions.

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5
Q

What are some examples of shunt lesions?

A

ASD, VSD, PDA, PFO

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6
Q

What are some examples of obstructive lesions?

A

Pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary atresia, tricuspid atresia, or Ebstein’s anomaly.

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7
Q

What are some examples of cyanotic lesions?

A

Double outlet right ventricle (DORV), Total anomalous pulmonary vein return (TAPVR), Transposition of the great arteries (TGA), Truncus arteriosus, Single ventricle, Eisenmenger syndrome, Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).

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8
Q

The endocardium and the cardiac jelly participate in the formation of the ____.

A

Endocardial cushions

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9
Q

The outer myocardial mantle eventually becomes the ____.

A

Muscular wall of the heart

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10
Q

What are the five areas of the heart tube?

A

Sinus venosus, common atrium, common ventricle, bulbus cordis, truncus anteriosus.

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11
Q

What does the sinus venosus eventually form?

A

The proximal vena cava (SVC and IVC)

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12
Q

What does the common atrium eventually form?

A

RA and LA

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13
Q

What does the common ventricle eventually form?

A

RV and LV

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14
Q

What does the bulbus cordis eventually form?

A

The RVOT and LVOT

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15
Q

What does the truncus anteriosus eventually form?

A

The roots of the aorta and pulmonary arteries

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16
Q

At what week does the heart begin to loop?

A

Week 4

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17
Q

At ____-____ weeks the heart is fully developed and any CHD that is going to be present has occurred.

A

6 - 8

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18
Q

The left side of the sinus venosus eventually…

A

Is obliterated

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19
Q

The right side of the sinus venosus eventually…

A

Becomes incorporated into the RA as it grows (this fold is the eustachian valve).

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20
Q

As the cardiac tube begins to loop, the truncus anteriosis and bulbus cordis begin to movie ___.

A

Down and to the right

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21
Q

As the cardiac tube begins to loop, the primitive ventricle begins to move ___.

A

Left of the midline

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22
Q

As the cardiac tube begins to loop, the primitive atria begin to move ____.

A

Posterior (back) and superior

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23
Q

When does the atrial septal formation begin?

A

At the end of week 4

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24
Q

A small opening near the atrioventricular valves permits continued communication between the two ventricles until later when it is closed by the ____ and ____ portions of the IVS.

A

Membranous and perimembranous

25
Q

What do the endocardial cushions form?

A

The septal TV leaflet, the anterior MV leaflet, and a portion of the inflow perimembranous IVS.

26
Q

What do the lateral cushions form?

A

The anterior and posterior TV leaflets and the posterior MV leaflet.

27
Q

What happens to the third set of aortic branches?

A

The common and internal carotid artery

28
Q

In what week do the aortic arches form?

A

Week 4

29
Q

What happens to the left fourth set of aortic branches?

A

The aorta

30
Q

What happens to the sixth set of aortic branches?

A

The right and left pulmonary arteries

31
Q

What happens to the first and second set of aortic branches?

A

They just disappear

32
Q

A right-sided liver and left-sided stomach is usually associated with atrial situs ____

A

Solitus

33
Q

Morphologic RA always contains the ____ valve.

A

Eustachian

34
Q

The appendage of the ____ ____ is shorter and broader than that of the LA.

A

Morphologic RA

35
Q

Morphologic LA has no eustachian valve and has a more ____ shape than the right atrium.

A

Rounded

36
Q

Normally the aorta lies to the ____.

A

Left

37
Q

The IVC lies to the ____ of the spine.

A

Right

38
Q

____ ____ connect to the LA normally; however, you cannot use the connection as a deciding factor for atrial situs or morphology.

A

Pulmonary veins

39
Q

True or false: You can have atrial situs but have abnormal pulmonary vein connections.

A

True

40
Q

Atrial situs is best determined in the ____ view.

A

Subcostal

41
Q

What are the three steps to the segmental approach?

A

1: Determine atrial situs and assess venous inflow patterns to the atria (SVC, IVC, Pulm veins)
2: Determine atrioventricular connections and determine ventricular morphology and position.
3: Evaluate ventriculoarterial relationships.

42
Q

D-looping allows the RV to develop ____ and to the ____ of the LV.

A

Anteriorly; right

43
Q

With L-looping the morphologic RV is to the ____ of the morphologic LV

A

Left

44
Q

What anatomy markers are part of the RV?

A
  • has muscle bundles
  • moderator band
  • heavily trabeculated
45
Q

What anatomy markers are part of the LV?

A
  • has a smooth endocardial surface
  • two papillary muscles
46
Q

The ____ valves ALWAYS follow the corresponding ventricle.

A

AV valves

47
Q

The leaflets of the TV insert more ____ than MV.

A

Apically

48
Q

The TV usually has ____ papillary muscles.

A

Three

49
Q

The MV has a more ____ septal attachment.

A

Basal

50
Q

The MV usually has ____ papillary muscles.

A

Two

51
Q

The ____ has chordal insertions into the septum, while the ____ does not.

A

TV; MV

52
Q

The final step in the segmental approach to cardiac anatomy involves identification of the ____ ____ and their respective connections.

A

Great arteries

53
Q

Normally with concordant connections, the morphologic LV gives rise to the ____.

A

Aorta

54
Q

Normally with concordant connections, the ____ serves as the outlet of the RV.

A

Pulmonary artery

55
Q

In normal hearts the pulmonary artery sits ____ and ____.

A

Anterior and leftward

56
Q

In normal hearts the aorta sits ____ and ____.

A

Posterior and rightward

57
Q

In normal hearts the aortic arch goes to the ____.

A

Left

58
Q

____-transposition, ventricular relationship is normal, with the morphologic RV located to the right of the morphologic LV.

A

D-transposition

59
Q

____-transposition, atrioventricular discordance is present (because of formation of an L-loop during development), the morphologic RV lies to the left of the morphologic LV.

A

L-transposition

Applied Cardiovascular IV (6 decks)

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