Congenital Heart Disease

Question 1

Acyanotic Conditions

Answer 1

PDA
Ventricular Septal Defect
Atrial Septal Defect
Coarctation of Aorta
Aortic Valvular Stenosis

Question 2

Cyanotic Conditions

Answer 2

Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Tricuspid Atresia

Question 3

Patent Ductus Arteriosius
Pathophysiology and features

Answer 3

Blood from aorta pushed into pulmonary artery increased pulmonary blood flow + pressure into lungs →
Pulmonary HTN + R ventricle hypertrophy

Machine Like Murmur
Wide pulse pressure

Question 4

Patent Ductus Arteriosius
Treatment

Answer 4

NSAIDs- Indomethacin (prostaglandin inhibitor) or surgery

Question 5

Ventricular Septal Defect
Pathophysiology and features

Answer 5

Common in down syndrome + often close in childhood. Often asymptomatic

L > R shunt, causing right ventricular hypertrophy

Eventually leading to R>L Shunt + HF

Question 6

Atrial Septal Defect
Pathophysiology and features

Answer 6

L > R shunt, more blood goes into right atrium leading to delayed pulmonary valve close (compared to aortic)

Split S2 Sound

Complications include ischaemic stroke due to emboli (paradoxical embolism)

Question 7

Coarctation of Aorta
Pathophysiology

Answer 7

Narrowing of aorta usually just prior to ductus arteriosus (tends to be PDA)

Venous blood is pumped through PDA due to lower pressure just prior in the coarctation

Question 8

Coarctation of Aorta
Features

Answer 8

Cyanosis at birth in lower extremities

Weak pulses in LL + reduced blood to kidney

Increased pressure in upper extremities → berry aneurysms

Dilation of aortic valve + aorta, risk of dissection

Question 9

Aortic Valvular Stenosis

Answer 9

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Question 10

Tetralogy of Fallot
Pathophysiology - DROP

Answer 10

DROP - Chromosone 22 deletion + DiGeorge Syndrome

Displaced Aorta

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Opening in septum (ventricular)

Pulmonary Stenosis

Question 11

Tetralogy of Fallot
Features

Answer 11

Boot shaped cardiac CXR
Cynosis lips + finger tips at birth
Clubbing finger/toes
Tets spells when activity increases become cyanotic then squat down to increase pressure in left ventricle

Question 12

Transposition of great arteries
Pathophysiology
Features

Answer 12

Pulmonary and Aortic Artery swapped placed alone or with ventricles as well

Prostaglandin can keep PDA open to allow some oxygenated blood to body

Surgical management

Question 13

tricuspid atresia

Answer 13

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