CONGENITAL

Question 1

classifcation of tertognes

Answer 1

physical - IR and high temp
chemical- alcohol
bioloigcal - TORCH

Question 2

drugs known as teratogens

Answer 2

doxycline - cerbal palsy

NSAIDS- in 1st trimester associated withorofacial clefts (cleft lip and cleft pallate) and cardiac ceptal defects and if given in 3rd trimester associated with premature closure of ductus arterious

thaladimide- originallly used as a sedative but then found for treating morning sickness

antidepprasants- cleft palatees and cardiovasuclar defcts

Question 3

ductus ateriousis/ductus botalli and failure of its closure

Answer 3

a blood vessel in the developin fetus connecting pumonary artery to the descending aorta. this allows must of the blood from rv to bypass the fluid filled non functioning lungs

upon closure it forms a remnent - ligamentum arterriosum

failure of its closure results in a left to right shunt. from the aorta back into the pulmonary artery. results in pulmonary hypertesnion and eventually cor pulmonale

Question 4

types of congenital abnormalitis

Answer 4

structual - so the thing looks WEIRD (but it could still work)
functional - thing doesnt work (but it could look normal )

both

Question 5

the rule regarding teratognes

Answer 5

not all teratogens are mutagens ( affect the dna)

Question 6

TORCH

Answer 6

A blood test that is designed to screen for a group of infectious agents known by the acronym TORCH, which stands for Toxoplasma gondii, other viruses (HIV, measles, and so on), rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex.

can be transmitted placentally or peripartum

Can cause spontaneous abortions

syphillis- mishapped nose, saddle nose, saber shins and can cause blindness

toxoplamsa- hepatosplenomegaly

Question 7

What age does the risk of defects occur

Answer 7

after 35

Question 8

prenatal diagnosis

Answer 8

ultrasound
maternal serum screening- more common
amniocentestis- not offered to everyone as its invasive only for higher risk individuals