Conflict with the Indigenous peoples 1862-68

Question 1

Which tribe was Little Crow chief of?

Answer 1

The Dakota Sioux

Question 2

What did Little Crow’s band agree to do in 1851?

Answer 2

Move to two reservations

Question 3

How much land did the Dakota Sioux give up in 1851, and what were they to receive in return?

Answer 3

24 million acres in return for a $1.4 million one-off payment and an annuity of $80,000

Question 4

What did the Dakota Sioux have to do before they received any of their money for moving onto reservations? Did they do this?

Answer 4

Pay back a debt of $200,000 to traders

No - so the government didn’t pay the $1.4 million

Question 5

Why did the Dakota Sioux struggle on the reservations?

Answer 5

The land was poor and they were not receiving the promised annuity

Question 6

What did Dakota Sioux bands do because their land was so poor? How did the government respond?

Answer 6

They left the reservation to hunt

The government withheld supplies

Question 7

What did the Dakota Sioux do in 1858 to receive money to pay their debts?

Answer 7

Gave up half of the reservations

Question 8

Why were the Dakota Sioux desperate by August 1862?

Answer 8

Crops had failed and late payments from the government meant that they had no money to buy food

Question 9

What did one trader at the Sioux Agency say in response to the desperation of the Dakota Sioux in August 1862?

Answer 9

If they are hungry, let them eat grass or their own dung

Question 10

What did four Dakota Sioux men do on 17 August 1862?

Answer 10

Killed five settlers

Question 11

What did Little Crow and other chiefs decide to do on 18 August 1862?

Answer 11

Take food and provisions from the Indian Agency warehouses and share it among their starving people - then burn down the Agency buildings and attack the settlers’ towns

Question 12

How many white settlers were killed in Little Crow’s attack on the warehouses and towns?

Answer 12

20

Question 13

What did Little Crow do to a US army force sent to help the Agency?

Answer 13

Attacked it - killed 21 soldiers

Question 14

All in all, how many settlers and US soldiers were killed during Little Crow’s War?

Answer 14

600

Question 15

What did Little Crow think about who should be killed and who should not? Did the warriors follow him on this?

Answer 15

He believed it was wrong to kill those who were no threat

No - warrior brotherhoods did not have to listen to the chiefs

Question 16

How many Dakota Sioux had been captured by October 1862?

Answer 16

2000

Question 17

After Little Crow’s War, how many Dakota Sioux were:
Put on trial
Sentenced to death
Actually executed

Answer 17

400 on trial
303 sentenced to death
38 executed

Question 18

Why were only 38 of the 303 Dakota Sioux warriors sentenced to death actually executed?

Answer 18

President Lincoln said only those proven to be guilty of murder or rape should be executed

Question 19

What happened to the surviving Dakota Sioux after Little Crow’s War?

Answer 19

They were moved to Crow Creek Reservation: isolated, dry land where nearly 400 starved to death the next winter

Question 20

Which tribes were involved in the Sand Creek Massacre?

Answer 20

The Cheyenne and Arapaho

Question 21

What happened to Cheyenne and Arapaho land when gold was discovered in Colorado in 1858?

Answer 21

Prospectors crossed over it, using up the grass and scaring away the buffalo

Question 22

What did some prospectors do to Cheyenne and Arapaho land, breaking the Fort Laramie Treaty?

Answer 22

Began to settle

Question 23

What did Arapaho and Cheyenne chiefs agree to do in the 1861 Treaty of Fort Wise?

Answer 23

Move to a reservation in east Colorado, without hunting territory - giving up 90% of their land

Question 24

How did the Dog Soldiers (warrior brotherhood) respond to the 1861 Treaty of Fort Wise?

Answer 24

They rejected it - they remained on their old lands

Question 25

Who set up camp at Sand Creek to try to reach an agreement over the land in Colorado Territory, three years after the Treaty of Fort Wise?

Answer 25

Black Kettle, government officials and army commanders

Question 26

What did Black Kettle do to prove his loyalty to the US at Sand Creek?

Answer 26

Flew an American flag over his tipi

Question 27

What did Colorado's governor, John Evans, want to do to the Indigenous peoples at Sand Creek? Who did he appoint to do this?

Answer 27

"Kill and destroy" them He appointed Colonel Chivington

Question 28

How many troops did Colonel Chivington lead on a dawn raid on Black Kettle's camp on 29 November 1864?

Answer 28

700

Question 29

What did Colonel Chivington claim about the Sand Creek Massacre?

Answer 29

He claimed his troops fought a tremendous battle against 1,000 warriors

Question 30

What was the reality of the Sand Creek Massacre which countered Chivington's claims?

Answer 30

The camp had surrendered, yet Chivington and his men massacred 130 Indigenous peoples (2/3 were women and children)

Question 31

What did the Sand Creek Massacre demonstrate to the Dog Soldiers?

Answer 31

They were right all along - the white Americans could not be trusted and had to be fought

Question 32

How many cattle did the Cheyenne and Arapaho take in raids in 1864 after the Sand Creek Massacre?

Answer 32

Over 1,500

Question 33

Why could the government not send lots of troops to fight the Indigenous peoples after the Sand Creek Massacre?

Answer 33

They were still fighting the Civil War

Question 34

What treaty was signed by the government and Cheyenne/Arapaho in 1865?

Answer 34

The Treaty of Little Arkansas

Question 35

What were the terms of the Treaty of Little Arkansas (1865)?

Answer 35

The Cheyenne and Arapaho would move to a large reservation with good land Generous payments would be made to the survivors of the Sand Creek Massacre

Question 36

What did the US government do with the Treaty of Little Arkansas once the Civil War was over?

Answer 36

Went back on the deal - moved thousands of soldiers onto the Plains

Question 37

Which treaty replaced the Treaty of Little Arkansas in 1867?

Answer 37

The Medicine Lodge Treaty

Question 38

What were the terms of the Medicine Lodge Treaty (1867)?

Answer 38

The Cheyenne and Arapaho would be moved to a reservation half the size of what was promised in 1865, with poorer land They had to keep 10 miles away from white settlers They could use their hunting lands so long as the buffalo remained

Question 39

How much compensation was eventually paid to the survivors of the Sand Creek Massacre?

Answer 39

Nothing

Question 40

Where was gold discovered in 1862?

Answer 40

Montana

Question 41

What route did prospectors and settlers use to get to the gold in Montana?

Answer 41

The Bozeman Trail

Question 42

What did the US Government do when the Sioux complained that the Bozeman Trail cut across their lands?

Answer 42

Nothing

Question 43

Why did Red Cloud break off talks with the government in 1866?

Answer 43

The government was building forts along the Bozeman Trail while negotiating with him

Question 44

Which chiefs joined Red Cloud on an attack against the US army following the end of negotiations?

Answer 44

Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull

Question 45

How many warriors had Red Cloud managed to gather by the end of 1866?

Answer 45

3000

Question 46

Describe the events of Fetterman's Trap in December 1866

Answer 46

Captain William Fetterman led 80 soldiers to protect troops who were trying to cut wood The soldiers saw a couple of scouts and followed them into an ambush, with all 80 soldiers killed and their bodies mutilated

Question 47

What treaty was signed as a consequence of Red Cloud's War?

Answer 47

The Second Fort Laramie Treaty (1868)

Question 48

What reservation was opened in the Second Fort Laramie Treaty (1868)?

Answer 48

The Great Sioux Reservation

Question 49

What was closed in the Second Fort Laramie Treaty (1868)?

Answer 49

The Bozeman Trail

Question 50

Who did not accept the terms of the Second Fort Laramie Treaty (1868)?

Answer 50

Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

Question 51

What were the three main features of President Grant's Peace Policy (1868)?

Answer 51

1) $2 million allocated to ensure the Indigenous peoples were properly cared for on reservations 2) US army forces stationed around the borders of reservations to stop Indigenous war parties and trespassing white Americans 3) Corrupt Indian agents replaced by Quakers

Question 52

In what ways did President Grant's Peace Policy (1868) continue previous policies?

Answer 52

The process of trying to change Indigenous culture to make them more like white Americans continued

Question 53

Who was appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs by President Grant? What was interesting about this person?

Answer 53

Ely Parker He was an Indigenous person

Question 54

What act was introduced in 1871?

Answer 54

The Indian Appropriations Act

Question 55

What did the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act state about the Indigenous nations?

Answer 55

They were no longer accepted as independent nations, but were now wards under the protection of the government

Question 56

What impact did the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act have on the Indigenous peoples?

Answer 56

It was now easier to take their lands and make them available to white American settlers, since treaties would no longer need to be made