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History > Conflict and Tension in Asia 1950-1975 > Flashcards

Conflict and Tension in Asia 1950-1975 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why did the USSR and the USA become rivals after WWII?

A

The USSR were operated under Communism and believed that all other countries should be run this way, however, the USA was a capitalist country with a democratically elected government, they believed all other countries should be run this way

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2
Q

What did communists believe?

A

Ordinary people should seize power from rich factory owners and businessmen.

Strong government on behalf of people

All factories shops and land should be owned by government

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3
Q

What do capitalists believe?

A

People should be free to own their own properties and businesses

Workers get jobs in factories and in shops and online

People can vote for parties they like

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4
Q

Why did the USSR believe they were under attack by capitalist countries?

A

USA, Britain and France sent troops to support those fighting against the new communist government in 1917

Russians not invited to peace talks at the end of WW1

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5
Q

What was the Marshall plan?

A

The plan that America was willing to pay huge amounts of money to help countries in Europe, including Germany recover to return to trading freely

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6
Q

What did Stalin want to do to Germany after WW1?

A

Leave Germany weak

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7
Q

Who became communist soon after the war and what did Winston Churchill say?

A

Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland

Winston Churchill declared that Europe had been divided by an ‘iron curtain’

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8
Q

What was the Truman Doctrine

A

USA would come to an aid with money and military help of any country under threat of communist takeover. In dining this the USA would contain communism and stop it spreading. This policy of containment became known as the Truman Doctrine and was the basis of US foreign policy for years. Speech from US President Harry Truman in March 1947

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9
Q

When did the USSR conduct its first successful test of a nuclear bomb?

A

1949

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10
Q

What was the NATO and who was involved?

A

In 1949, USA, Britain, France, Belgium, Canada and other European countries joined forces to form a military alliance called NATO

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11
Q

What was the Warsaw Pact?

A

The communist response to the NATO was to form the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance contains USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, east Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania

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12
Q

What was the Cold War?

A

A war of threats, bluffs and propaganda. It was the time when each side feared each other and a constant threat of nuclear war hung over he world

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13
Q

What was Korea like at the end of WW2?

A

Japanese soldiers in the northern part of Korea surrendered to Soviet troops, while those in south surrender to US troops, the country was divided into two separate zones, this was meant to be temporary and the aim was for Korea to become a united independent and elections to be organised by United Nations

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14
Q

Who came to power in the north and when and how?

A

In 1948, Kim il-sung came to power. No elections held

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15
Q

Who came to power in the south and how?

A

Syngman Rhee through elections

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16
Q

What was the name of the north part of Korea?

A

People’s Republic of Korea with Pyongyang as its capital

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17
Q

What did the south of Korea become know as?

A

Republic of Korea with the capital of Seoul

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18
Q

What did Kim il-sung and syngman Rhee have in common and what were their differences?

A

Both committed nationalists
North communist
South capitalist
Both believed in unification of Korea

Cold War now spread to Far East

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19
Q

When did the Japanese invade China?

A

1931 and took over large parts of the country

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20
Q

Who led the Chinese government?

A

Chiangmai Kai-shek

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21
Q

Who was the leader of the Chinese communists?

A

Mao tse -tung

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22
Q

When did China become communist?

A

1949

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23
Q

What did the USA veto after China became communists?

A

USSR wanted to allied china to join UN but USA vetoed the decision

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24
Q

What did Kim il-sung believe in 1949?

A

The South Koreans would welcome an invasion in order to unite the country

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25
Q

What did Stalin think about the invasion of the south in 1949?

A

He didn’t think it was right and pointed out that US soldiers were based there and it might pull the US, however, by 1959 he had changed his mind and decided that they wouldn’t invade

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26
Q

Why did Stalin give to Kim il-sung in April 1950?

A

Permission to invade South Korea aswell as tanks artillery and aircraft

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27
Q

When did North Korea invade South Korea?

A

Sunday 25 June 1950

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28
Q

What did President Truman declare two days after North Korea invaded the south?

A

USA would go to aid of South Korea and that UN Security Council must meet urgently

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29
Q

How did the UN respond to the invasion in June 1950?

Korean War

A

USA suggested they must get an army together and go to aid South Korea

Security council decided North Korea was acting violently so ordered them to leave South Korea which they ignored so UN army took military action

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30
Q

How did the US respond to the invasion on 25 June 1950?

Korean War

A

Truman ordered US 7th fleet group of around 60 battleships, 300 aircraft and 40,000 soldiers to patrol around North Korea and South Korea

Ordered MacArthur to send troops and supplies

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31
Q

What was the invasion force made up of to support South Korea?

A

16 UN member states sent troops to fight but USA provided 50% of armed forces and 93% of Air Force

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32
Q

Who was Harry Truman?

Korean War

A

Served as president until 1953

Adopted policy of containment

Truman Doctrine in 1947

Supported the Marshall Plan

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33
Q

Who was Douglas MacArthur?

Korean War

A

Appointed as chief of UN forces in Korea in 1950, aged 70

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34
Q

What were MacArthurs plans?

Korean War

A

First job to stop the complete collapse of the South Korean army sending UN troops to help defend this area.

On 15 September 1950, UN troops launched surprise attack from the sea at the port of Inchon

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35
Q

Were the UN led forces successful at Inchon on 15th September 1950?

Korean War

A

Quickly captured by US led UN forces

By early October all North Korean troops driven out of South Korea back past 38th parallel

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36
Q

What happened on 25 October 1950, when the UN forces advanced too far north at the Chinese border?

Korean War

A

200,000 Chinese troops joined the North Koreans to fight back

The Chinese and North Korea pushed South Koreans back into South Korea

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37
Q

What happened when MacArthur ignore Truman and continued attacking North Korea?

A

Truman was furious with his blatant refusal to follow order and sacked

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38
Q

How were US air power shown when the Korean War stood at a stalemate in 1951?

A

Us began bombing cities and transport systems with Kaplan and bombs using B-29 superfortresses
Over 1 million killed

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39
Q

How did Stalin help the Chinese and North Korea fight back after the US air raids at the end of 1951?

A

Stalin said he would provide fighter planes such as MiG-15 which were painted in Chinese colours of NK colours

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40
Q

How long did the two sides fight in the air for and how many planes did they lose, in the stalemate?

Korean War

A

2 years

UN LOST 3500 planes

NK, soviets and Chinese lost 3000

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41
Q

When did the peace talks start?

Korean War

A

July 1951 but they couldn’t agree and fighting continued

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42
Q

When was Truman replaced by Eisenhower?

Korean War

A

November 1952

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43
Q

When did STALIN DIE?

Korean War

A

March 1953

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44
Q

When was the peace treaty of the Korean War signed?

A

27 July 1953

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45
Q

What was the demilitarised zone?

Korean War

A

A zone agreed after the peace treaty, that prevented future wars

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46
Q

How many US serviceman died?

Korean War

A

40,000

47
Q

How many US servicemen wounded?

Korean War

A

100,000

48
Q

How many British were killed and wounded?

Korean War

A

Wounded 2,674

Killed 1,078

49
Q

How many SK were killed?

Korean War

A

200,000

400,000 wounded

50
Q

How many chinese soldiers were lost ?

Korean War

A

600,000

51
Q

How many NK died?

Korean War

A

400,000

52
Q

What impact did the Korean War have on the Cold War?

A

First time superpowers had become directly involved in military conflict

Marked spreading of Cold War from Europe into Asia

In 1951, USA signed the ANZUS pact with Australia and New Zealand promising to support them in military invasion

53
Q

How much did the US government spend on nuclear weapons in 1951 and 1952

Korean War

A

1951 $48billion

1952. $60 billion

54
Q

How many nuclear bombs did the USA have after Korean War compared to before?

A

100 in 1948

750 by 1951

55
Q

How much did he US army increase after Korean War?

A

50%

56
Q

What was North Korea stopped from doing?

A

Taking over South Korea

Success for Americans

57
Q

What did the UN original ally want to do to North and South Korea?

A

Unite

58
Q

What did the Korean War result in between the USA and USSR?

A

More determined to contain communism

Armed forces stronger

Nuclear weapons increase

59
Q

Why were the French in Asia?

A

French taken large parts of Southeast Asia to extend their empire

Known as French Indochina

60
Q

Who was the French Indochina made up of?

A

Cambodia
Laos
Vietnam

61
Q

Why was Vietnam valuable for French?

A

Lots of raw materials

French imported good to sell in Indochina

62
Q

What did the Japanese do when they invaded Indochina?

A

Stripped Vietnam of its raw resources

Food became scarce and 2 million Vietnamese people starved to death

63
Q

How did the Vietminh form?

A

Strong Vietnamese resistance movement that was determined to get rid of Vietnamese rule. Led by Ho Chi Minh and Nyguyen Vo giap

64
Q

What did the Vietminh do in 2 September 1945?

A

Declared Vietnam independent country, French didn’t accept and fought war until 1954

65
Q

Why did Americans get involved?

A

American viewed Vietminh as puppets of china , so wanted to contain communism so vowed to support French

66
Q

How much aid had Truman sent by July 1950?

A

$15 million aid

US planes tanks and other supplies

Within 4 years, American spent $3billion helping French fight Vietminh and providing 80% of equipment

67
Q

Describe the events of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu

A

Spring 1954
small French Air Force at Dien Bien Phu occupied by 10,000 soldiers was surrounded by 50,000 Vietminh troops
Vietminh destroyed runway
Bombarded them with rockets and shells
Americans not British would help so on May 7 1954 French surrender

During 57days 3000 French troops dead, 8000 wounded

Vietminh 8000 dead 12000 wounded

68
Q

What were the consequence of Dien Bien Phu?

A

France prime minister resigned

Parliament voted 471:14 to support removal of French from Indochina

69
Q

What was the 1954 Geneva agreement?

A

Vietnam divided at 17th parallel
NV run by Ho Chi Minh
SV run by NGO Dinh Diem
French troops withdraw fully from Vietnam
Vietminh withdraw for SV
General election would be held before July 1956
Laos Cambodia become independent countries

70
Q

What were the consequences of Geneva agreement?

A

Reluctant to accept division

Wanted united Vietnam

USA become involved in Vietnam

71
Q

How did Diem keep control in SV?

A

Acted independently and refused to accept guidance form America

Imprisoned people who opposed him

Held election in SV in oct 1955

72
Q

Who won the October 1955 elections in Vietnam?

A

Diem who claimed he won vote by 98.2% of vote

73
Q

Give two examples that opposed Diem

A

National liberation front

Buddhists

74
Q

Who were the National Liberation front?

A

Political organisation in SV brought together by Ho Chi Minh, wanted to abolish catholic power

Want to Overthrow Diem

75
Q

Who were the buddhists and how did they oppose Diem?

A

Diem implemented anti buddhists policies

Self immolation of monk Thich Quang Duc. Burned himself alive

76
Q

When was Diem assassinated?

A

1 November 1963
It was a coup

Kennedy removed his protection

77
Q

What were the Vietcong several key aims?

A

Replacement of Diem
Unification of Vietnam
Promotion of peasants rights

78
Q

How did the Vietcong fight?

A

Guerrilla tactics
No uniforms
Psychological effects

79
Q

What was the strategic hamlet programme?

A

Introduced by Diem in 1963 to ‘in the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese people’

Peasants moved to area surrounded by ditches and barbed wire

Over 2/3 forced to move

80
Q

Describe Eisenhower’s involvement in Vietnam

A

Invited SV to join SEATO that worked together to stop spread of communism

Launched propaganda campaign in Vietnam against Ho Chi Minh

In 1954, sent CIA intelligence to Saigon to gather info for US government

Supplied Diem with money supplies and military equipment

81
Q

Describe Kennedy’s involvement in Vietnam

A 
Approved coup of Diem
300 Us helicopter pilots to SV
increased aid to SV
Kept US involvement secret
Supported strategic hamlet programme
Increase number of military experts in Vietnam to around 16,000
82
Q

What was the attack in the Gulf of Tonkin?

A

3 August 1964 3 torpedo boats headed for USS Maddox

Fired three torpedoes third hit but did not explode

Us jets sank one and damaged two

83
Q

What happened on 4 August related to Gulf of Tonkin?

A

Reports came in of another attack but it was a false alarm

Johnson launched attack on north Vietnam

84
Q

What was the Gulf of Tonkin resolution?

A

7 August 1964 the Gulf of Tonkin resolution was approved by US government. Have president power to take any military action he thought was necessary

85
Q

What was operation 34A?

A

Involved sending South Vietnamese mercenaries into NV and US destroyer naval ships into NV waters

86
Q

When was operation rolling thunder launched?

A

13 February 1965

87
Q

What was operation rolling thunder?

A

Campaign of continuous bombing in NV targeting government buildings

88
Q

What did the change in tactic through Operation Rolling Thunder mark?

A

Major escalation in US involvement in Vietnam

1 million tonnes of bombs dropped in Bietnam

89
Q

By 8 March 1965 how many US marines had arrived in SV

A

3500

US combat troops now in Vietnam and war has started

90
Q

What was the Ho Chi Minh trail?

A

Series of paths tracks and roads to supply vital equipment for Vietcong

Ran through Laos and Cambodia

60 tonnes of supplies received daily through trail

91
Q

What percentage of US casualties were caused by Vietcong ambushes?

A

51%

92
Q

What were GI’s?

A

US troops

93
Q

What were the US tactics of search and destroy?

A

Tried to use vastly superior technology and firepower to their maximum advantage

‘Zippo raids’ Burnett down villages

94
Q

Name chemical weapons that the US used?

A

Agent Orange and napalm

95
Q

What did napalm do?

A

Burnt through anything it comes into contact with

96
Q

What was agent orange used to do?

A

Destroy the jungle do Americans could see Vietcong trails

97
Q

What was Agent blue used for?

A

Destroy crops so Vietcong didn’t have food

98
Q

What was the Tet offensive?

A

30 January 1968
84,000 Vietcong troops attacked over 100 towns and US bases

American troops 50,000 took back building and towns after 6 hours

60,000 NV and Vietcong troops killed

10,000 SV dead

99
Q

Why was the Tet offensive a turning point?

A

US public realised the scale of the war

32 march 1968 Johnson announced he would not stand for re election

Costing $30 billion a year and 300 US troops killed weekly

100
Q

What was the My Lai massacre?

A

16 March 1968 at 7:30am US troops under went a search and destroy mission

Charlie Company

Said to be 200 Vietcong geirilla a in area

Some were tortured and raped

No Vietcong found, three weapons uncovered

500 shot by US soldiers

101
Q

What was the impact of the Amy Lai massacre?

A 
Americans seen as aggressors
Us public deeply shocked of brutality
The original aim of war was now lost
Mistrust of army
Opposition to war increased

Only William Calley was charged with murder of 109 people sentenced to life jmprisonment in 1971

102
Q

How many protestors gathered at Lincoln memorial in October 1967?

A

100,000

103
Q

Who were the ‘draft dodgers’ ?

A

Men aged 18-26

Men began to burn draft cards and refuse to go

104
Q

Name some high profile critics that opposed Vietnam war?

A

Muhammad Ali

Martin Luther king ‘ bombs in Vietnam explode at home’

Also caused race problems majority were young black peoples

105
Q

What was vietnamisation?

A

President Nixon announced strategy on 3 November 1969. Build up SV army so they could continue war without US help. Slowly remove US troops

‘Peace with honour’

106
Q

When was Nixon elected?

A

November 1968

37th President

107
Q

In march 1969 what did Nixon allow?

A

Bombing of Cambodia and in April 1970 ordered invasion through 150,000 US troops

108
Q

Where did Nixon launch attack on 8th February 1971?

A

Laos

109
Q

What talks were held in 1970?

A

I limit amount of nuclear weapons held by USA and USSR

110
Q

Where was Nixon invited in 1972?

A

In February Mary invited to china, encouraged china to ask NV to end war

111
Q

When were the Kent State University Shootings and what were they?

A

4 students killed by National Guardsman 9 injured

4 May 1970

112
Q

What was the Watergate scandal?

A

Led to resignation of Nixon

Nixon linked to burglaries that saw the stealing of secret documents and by telephones

113
Q

Name 4 strategies used by Nixon to attempt to end the war

A

Vietnamisation
Pressure
Negotiation
Bombing

114
Q

When were the Paris Peace talks signed?

A

27 January 1973

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