Conflict and American Independence (1754-1800) Flashcards by Rachel Milner

Albany Plan of Union

Developed by Ben Franklin (1754)
Reps from 7 colonies met
Goals: make intercolonial gov. and negotiate with Iroquois
Result: Fail because colonies did not want to relinquish control of their right to tax themselves or unite under single colonial legislature, British mad at Indians

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Seven Years’ War

1754-1763
A.K.A French and Indian War
Cause: Ohio Valley
Sides: French and Indians vs. British
Result: British won - taking over North America and most of Canada (France kept a couple sugar islands)

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William Pitt

English Prime minister during Seven Years’ War
Supported colonies, encouraged them to join war effort, promised some autonomy
THEN change in minister, colonies = angry

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Pontiac’s Rebellion

Indian chief Pontiac rallied tribes in Ohio Valley and attacked several colonial outposts
(in response, Paxton Boys)

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Paxton boys

Frontiersmen in PA who killed men from the Pontiac Rebellion tribe

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Proclamation of 1763

Forbid settlement west of Appalachians
Agitated colonial settlers
ALSO marks end of salutary neglect

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Reasons for new taxes after war

Britain felt colonies should help pay off war debt

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George III and George Grenville

King and Prime Minister in Britain after war

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Mercantilism

Idea that colonies were only there to benefit the bigger country
Export raw materials

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Sugar Act
Navigation Acts
Currency Act
Stamp Act

Acts that imposed taxes or regulations on trade

All created discontent within colonies

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James Otis

wrote The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved - colonists’ argument against taxes

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Sons of Liberty

Protest group

Stamp act repealed, but colonies not given right to representation

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Townshend Acts

Taxed goods imported directly from England

Created more Vice-Admiralty courts

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Massachusetts Circular Letter

By Samuel Adams
Protest new measures
British ordered letter to NOT be discussed, only made it worse

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Boston Massacre

result of Quartering Act, soldiers were occupying and tensions high.
Soldiers fired on a crowd, killing 5
Started a propaganda campaign

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Boston Tea Party

Result of Parliament composing new taxes for the colonies (this time on tea), and the colonists dumped the tea into the water

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Coercive Acts

Result of Boston Tea Party
AKA - Intolerable Acts
Closed Boston harbor except for essential trade
Tightened English control

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First Continental Congress

1774
Came up with a list of laws they wanted repealed and agreed to boycott British goods until they did so.
Also set up limits for when Parliament could interfere/
Major step towards independence.

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Battle at Concord

Minutemen versus the British redcoats
Result: minutemen won, huge for colonists
“Shot heard round the world”

Loyalists

Gov. Officials, devout Anglicans, merchants dependent on trade with England, religious and ethnic minorities

Patriots

White protestant property owners and gentry

Urban artisans

Second Continental Congress

Established Continental Army, with Washington as General

Also had the *Olive Branch Petition written by John Dickinson

Olive Branch Petition

John Dickinson
Last attempt to avoid armed conflict
King George III rejected it

Common Sense

by Thomas Paine
Wanted colonial independence
Very popular, spoke in a language colonists could understand

Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson Enumerated grievances Individual liberty

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point in American revolution Victory for American troops French gov. agreed formal alliance with Continental Congress

Battle of Yorktown

End to American Revolution

Treaty of Paris 1783

1783 | Granted US independence and territorial rights.

Articles of Confederation

1777 Contained major limitations (didn't want to act like British government) Could not impose tariffs, printed more money instead (inflation)

Shay's Rebellion

Shays faced foreclosure by banks, wanted to take over the courthouses. Revealed resentment among classes. (Similar to Bacon's rebellion and Whiskey Rebellion)

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Abolished slavery in Northwest territories, set regulations for territories to become states

Annapolis Convention

Became the Constitutional Convention

Constitution was a combination of... (Called the "Great Compromise"

The New Jersey and Virginia Plan

Anti-federalists

Opposed the Constitution - Bill of Rights was made to appease them

Federalist Papers

Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay | Swayed opinion in New York towards the Constitution

Washington Presidency

* Whiskey Rebellion * Hamilton Fiscal Plan -National Bank, assume all war debts * French Revolution - Neutrality Proclomation

Federalist v. Democratic-Republican

Federalists - Strong federal government, commerce, wealthy northeast, loose construction, more sympathetic towards Great Britain Democratic-Republican - State power, strict construction, farmers, agriculture, sympathetic towards France

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers resisted excise tax on whiskey. Washington sent troops to stop rebellion.

Jay's Treaty

Washington sent Jay to make a treaty with G. Britain, Washington set precedent for executive priveledge

Washington Farewell Address

1. Neutrality | 2. Stay away from political parties

Republican Motherhood

1790s | New important civil role to raise virtuous students.

John Adams Presidency

Federalist * XYZ Affair * Alien and Sedition Acts

XYZ Affair

Adams Instead of going to war with France, sent diplomats France demanded a huge bribe, angered Americans War was avoided, but did have a Quasi Naval War to end issues

Alien and Sedition Acts

Adams Limited freedom of the press/expression/speech Purely political

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written by Madison and Jefferson Gave states right to judge constitutionality of federal laws Declared Alien and Sedition Acts void