Conference: Basic Anatomical Concepts 1 (8/13/13)

Question 1

Anatomical Definition of Muscle Origin

Answer 1

more proximal attachment

Question 2

Anatomical Definition of Muscle Insertion

Answer 2

more distal attachment

Question 3

Functions of synergistic muscles

Answer 3

act to stabilize other joints and neutralize undesirable motions

Question 4

What is a motor unit

Answer 4

Basic function units that make up each muscle. Consists of a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it supplies.

Question 5

Three types of muscle contraction

Answer 5

1) Shortening Contraction (concentric or isotonic)
2) Static or Isometric Contraction
3) Lengthening Contraction (eccentric or isotonic)

Question 6

Two major division of the nervous system

Answer 6

CNS: Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)
PNS: Peripheral Nervous System

Question 7

Peripheral nerve

Answer 7

a group or bundle of nerve fibers (axons and supporting cells) located outside the CNS

Question 8

Cranial nerve

Answer 8

a peripheral nerve arising from the brain

May have only one functional fiber of as many as five. Further classified into: motor, sensory, or mixed.

Question 9

Spinal nerve

Answer 9

a peripheral nerve arise from the spinal cord

Question 10

How is the gross spinal nerve formed?

Answer 10

dorsal and ventral roots emerging from each segment of the spinal cord combined to form a spinal nerve (1cm long) before terminating into dorsal and ventral ramus

Question 11

What are the 2 general kinds of terminal branches of peripheral nerve that are derived from the rami?

Answer 11

muscular branches and cutaneous branches

Question 12

What is meant by Afferent and Efferent nerve fibers?

Answer 12

afferent= sensory (towards CNS, cell body outside CNS) 
efferent= motor (away from CNS, cell body inside CNS)

Question 13

Major function kinds of nerve fibers in:

Dorsal Roots

Answer 13

Sensory (afferent)

Question 14

Major function kinds of nerve fibers in:

Ventral Roots

Answer 14

Motor (efferent)

Question 15

Major function kinds of nerve fibers in:

Spinal Nerves

Answer 15

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

Question 16

Major functional kinds of nerve fibers in:

Dorsal Rami

Answer 16

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

Question 17

Major functional kinds of nerve fibers in:

Ventral Rami

Answer 17

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

Question 18

Where are nerve cell bodies found for afferent and efferent fibers?

Answer 18

afferent: (dual pathway) dorsal ganglion
efferent: (motor pathway) spinal cord gray matter (ventral horn)

Question 19

What is meant by “somatic” and “visceral”?

Answer 19

Somatic= body wall and extremities (bones, muscles, joints, skin) 
Visceral= internal organs, glands, vessels

Question 20

SE, VE, SA, VA are abbreviations for what functional fiber types?

Answer 20

Somatic efferent, visceral efferent, somatic afferent, visceral afferent

Question 21

Define dermatome

Answer 21

the area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve (each dermatome supplied by both dorsal and ventral rami of corresponding spinal nerve)

Question 22

Define the Radiography Term “PA”

Answer 22

posterior-anterior (the path of the x-ray beam)

Question 23

Factors determining image appearance on x-ray

Answer 23

1) tissue density
2) tissue thickness
3) superimposition

Question 24

Radiolucent vs Radiopaque

Answer 24

radiolucent= black, x-rays able to pass thru
radiopaque= white, x-rays blocked or absorbed
*Can use contract material to enhance soft tissue structures

Question 25

5 major categories of radiodense materials in order of increasing density

Answer 25

Air/Gas < Fat < Soft Tissue (muscle, organs) < Bone < Metal

Question 26

CT Scan

Answer 26

Computer Temography, scans many x-rays (360 per level) and compiles into 2D image
(+) Enhanced discrimination
(+) Sectional images overcome superimposition

Question 27

Myotome

Answer 27

Specific mass of muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve.

Question 28

Which of following nerve fiber types is LEAST likely to be found in a cutaneous branch of a dorsal ramus?

Answer 28

SE since skeletal muscle isn’t usually found in the skin areas innervated by spinal nerves.
*SA from exteroceptors, VA and VE to innervate blood vessels and sweat glands.