conducting systems of heart

Question 1

What is the covering of the heart called?

Answer 1

Pericardium

Question 2

What is the tough, inelastic outer layer of the pericardium?

Answer 2

Fibrous Pericardium

Question 3

What is the inner double-layered part of the pericardium?

Answer 3

Serous Pericardium

Question 4

What is the outer layer of the serous pericardium?

Answer 4

Parietal Pericardium

Question 5

What is the inner layer of the serous pericardium that is in close contact with the heart?

Answer 5

Visceral Pericardium

Question 6

What is the space between the two layers of the serous pericardium?

Answer 6

Pericardial Cavity

Question 7

What fluid is present in the pericardial cavity?

Answer 7

Pericardial Fluid

Question 8

What is the function of pericardial fluid?

Answer 8

To reduce friction when the heart expands or contracts

Question 9

How many chambers does the heart have?

Answer 9

Four

Question 10

What are the two upper chambers of the heart called?

Answer 10

Atria

Question 11

What are the two lower chambers of the heart called?

Answer 11

Ventricles

Question 12

Which chamber receives venous return from the body?

Answer 12

Right Atrium

Question 13

Through which valve does the right atrium empty blood into the right ventricle?

Answer 13

Tricuspid Valve

Question 14

Which chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?

Answer 14

Left Atrium

Question 15

Through which valve does the left atrium empty blood into the left ventricle?

Answer 15

Mitral Valve

Question 16

1. What type of muscle is the heart muscle classified as?

Answer 16

Striated muscle

Question 17

2. What separates myocardial fibers from each other?

Answer 17

Sarcolemma

Question 18

3. Where is the nucleus located in a cardiac muscle cell?

Answer 18

Centrally placed

Question 19

4. What is the shape of cardiac muscle fibers?

Answer 19

Branched

Question 20

5. What are the specialized areas in cardiac muscle called?

Answer 20

Intercalated discs

Question 21

6. What is the function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?

Answer 21

Allow rapid electrical impulse transmission

Question 22

7. What is a functional syncytium?

Answer 22

A tissue that acts as a single unit due to gap junctions

Question 23

8. How many syncytia are present in the heart?

Answer 23

Two (Atrial syncytium and Ventricular syncytium)

Question 24

9. What structure separates the atria and ventricles?

Answer 24

Atrioventricular ring

Question 25

10. What is the sarcotubular system composed of?

Answer 25

Transverse tubules (T tubules) and sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

11. Where are T tubules located in cardiac muscle?

Answer 26

At the Z line

Question 27

12. Which myocytes have more developed T tubules?

Answer 27

Ventricular myocytes

Question 28

13. What structure is formed by T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle?

Answer 28

Diad (One T tubule + One cistern)

Question 29

14. What structure is formed by T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle?

Answer 29

Triad (One T tubule + Two cisterns)

Question 30

15. What does the length-tension relationship describe?

Answer 30

Force generation based on sarcomere length

Question 31

16. What happens when sarcomeres stretch within the optimal length?

Answer 31

Maximum cross-bridge formation and force development

Question 32

17. What happens when sarcomeres stretch beyond optimal length?

Answer 32

Decreased force due to reduced overlap of filaments

Question 33

18. How does sarcomere stretch affect calcium sensitivity?

Answer 33

Increases sensitivity of myofilaments to calcium

Question 34

19. What protein's affinity to calcium increases with myocardial stretch?

Answer 34

Troponin C

Question 35

20. What physiological activity of the heart is explained by the length-tension relationship?

Answer 35

Force of contraction based on ventricular filling