Cardiac Cycle And Fick'a Flashcards
1
Q
Which phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the first heart sound? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Isovolumetric relaxation C) Rapid ejection D) Atrial systole
A
A) Isovolumetric contraction
2
Q
Which event occurs during isovolumetric contraction? A) Ventricular contraction with closed valves B) Ventricular filling C) Opening of aortic valve D) Closure of aortic valve
A
A) Ventricular contraction with closed valves
3
Q
During which phase is the majority of ventricular filling completed? A) Atrial systole B) Rapid filling phase C) Isovolumetric relaxation D) Ejection phase
A
B) Rapid filling phase
4
Q
What is the normal stroke volume in an average adult? A) 50 mL B) 70 mL C) 100 mL D) 130 mL
A
B) 70 mL
5
Q
What happens to end-diastolic volume (EDV) if venous return increases? A) Decreases B) Remains unchanged C) Increases D) First increases then decreases
A
C) Increases
6
Q
In which phase does the aortic valve open? A) Rapid ejection B) Isovolumetric contraction C) Atrial systole D) Isovolumetric relaxation
A
A) Rapid ejection
7
Q
What parameter is best measured using the Fick principle? A) Stroke volume B) Cardiac output C) Peripheral resistance D) Ejection fraction
A
B) Cardiac output
8
Q
Which structure is used for blood sampling in the Fick method? A) Pulmonary artery B) Inferior vena cava C) Left ventricle D) Aorta
A
A) Pulmonary artery
9
Q
Which equation represents the Fick principle? A) CO = HR x SV B) CO = O2 consumption / (arterial O2 - venous O2) C) CO = MAP / TPR D) CO = preload x contractility
A
B) CO = O2 consumption / (arterial O2 - venous O2)
10
Q
Why is the inferior vena cava not used for Fick’s principle? A) It contains mixed venous blood from the lower body B) It has pulsatile flow C) It has high oxygen saturation D) It is difficult to access
A
A) It contains mixed venous blood from the lower body
11
Q
What does an increased ejection fraction indicate? A) Stronger ventricular contraction B) Increased afterload C) Decreased cardiac output D) Increased venous return
A
A) Stronger ventricular contraction
12
Q
Which phase of the cardiac cycle has the lowest ventricular volume? A) End-diastole B) End-systole C) Isovolumetric contraction D) Atrial systole
A
B) End-systole
13
Q
What determines the dicrotic notch on an aortic pressure graph? A) Closure of the aortic valve B) Opening of the aortic valve C) Atrial systole D) Ventricular contraction
A
A) Closure of the aortic valve
14
Q
Which parameter increases in response to sympathetic stimulation? A) Contractility B) Preload C) Afterload D) Stroke volume
A
A) Contractility
15
Q
How does an increase in afterload affect stroke volume? A) Stroke volume decreases B) Stroke volume increases C) Stroke volume remains unchanged D) Stroke volume first increases then decreases
A
A) Stroke volume decreases
16
Q
Which cardiac chamber has the highest oxygen content? A) Right atrium B) Left atrium C) Right ventricle D) Pulmonary artery
A
B) Left atrium
17
Q
In which condition is the Fick principle inaccurate? A) Severe shunts B) Hypertension C) Bradycardia D) Atrial fibrillation
A
A) Severe shunts
18
Q
Which factor most influences end-diastolic volume? A) Venous return B) Afterload C) Heart rate D) Stroke volume
A
A) Venous return
19
Q
Which phase is the longest in the cardiac cycle at rest? A) Systole B) Diastasis C) Isovolumetric contraction D) Rapid ejection
A
B) Diastasis
20
Q
How does increased contractility affect end-systolic volume? A) Decreases it B) Increases it C) No change D) First increases then decreases
A
A) Decreases it
21
Q
Which pressure wave corresponds to atrial contraction? A) A-wave B) V-wave C) C-wave D) X-descent
A
A) A-wave
22
Q
What is the main cause of the V-wave in atrial pressure tracing? A) Atrial filling B) Atrial contraction C) Ventricular contraction D) Closure of mitral valve
A
A) Atrial filling
23
Q
Which phase immediately follows ventricular repolarization? A) Diastole B) Systole C) Isovolumetric contraction D) Isovolumetric relaxation
A
A) Diastole
24
Q
What happens to cardiac output if arterial O2 content decreases? A) Increases (to compensate) B) Decreases C) Remains the same D) First increases then decreases
A
A) Increases (to compensate)
25
What determines preload in the heart? A) Ventricular end-diastolic volume B) Aortic pressure C) Systemic vascular resistance D) Stroke volume
A) Ventricular end-diastolic volume
26
Which law describes the relationship between stroke volume and preload? A) Frank-Starling law B) Laplace’s law C) Poiseuille’s law D) Boyle’s law
A) Frank-Starling law
27
How does inspiration affect venous return to the right atrium? A) Increases it B) Decreases it C) No effect D) Initially increases then decreases
A) Increases it
28
Which factor primarily determines diastolic blood pressure? A) Peripheral resistance B) Stroke volume C) Cardiac output D) Venous return
A) Peripheral resistance
29
Which chamber is responsible for the majority of cardiac output generation? A) Left ventricle B) Right ventricle C) Left atrium D) Right atrium
A) Left ventricle
30
Which measurement is used in the thermodilution method for cardiac output? A) Pulmonary artery temperature B) Aortic pressure C) Mixed venous oxygen content D) Coronary sinus blood flow
A) Pulmonary artery temperature
31
A 65-year-old man is found to have a loud first heart sound. Which phase of the cardiac cycle is most affected? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Isovolumetric relaxation C) Rapid ejection D) Atrial systole
A) Isovolumetric contraction
32
During which phase of the cardiac cycle is coronary blood flow maximal? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Rapid ejection C) Early diastole D) Late diastole
C) Early diastole
33
A patient has aortic stenosis. What effect does this have on the afterload and ejection phase? A) Increased afterload, prolonged ejection B) Decreased afterload, shortened ejection C) Increased afterload, shortened ejection D) Decreased afterload, prolonged ejection
A) Increased afterload, prolonged ejection
34
A patient with atrial fibrillation has absent a-waves on the jugular venous pressure tracing. Which phase of the cardiac cycle is affected? A) Atrial systole B) Isovolumetric contraction C) Isovolumetric relaxation D) Rapid ejection
A) Atrial systole
35
Which of the following events contributes to the second heart sound? A) Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves B) Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves C) Rapid ventricular filling D) Isovolumetric contraction
B) Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
36
In a patient with mitral stenosis, which phase of the cardiac cycle is most affected? A) Isovolumetric relaxation B) Rapid ejection C) Ventricular filling D) Atrial systole
C) Ventricular filling
37
Which of the following changes is seen in chronic hypertension? A) Increased ventricular compliance B) Decreased end-systolic volume C) Increased afterload D) Increased preload
C) Increased afterload
38
A patient with severe heart failure has an elevated end-diastolic volume. What is the most likely cause? A) Decreased contractility B) Increased heart rate C) Decreased venous return D) Increased afterload
A) Decreased contractility
39
In a pressure-volume loop, what happens to the loop in response to an increase in contractility? A) Shifts left and upwards B) Shifts right and upwards C) Shifts left and downwards D) No change
A) Shifts left and upwards
40
A sudden decrease in ventricular compliance will most likely affect which cardiac parameter? A) Stroke volume B) End-diastolic pressure C) Cardiac output D) Afterload
B) End-diastolic pressure
41
In which phase of the cardiac cycle is the ventricular pressure the highest? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Isovolumetric relaxation C) Rapid ejection D) Atrial systole
C) Rapid ejection
42
Atrial contraction contributes most to ventricular filling in which condition? A) Normal heart B) Bradycardia C) Tachycardia D) Heart failure
C) Tachycardia
43
Which phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the peak of the aortic pressure curve? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Rapid ejection C) Isovolumetric relaxation D) Ventricular filling
B) Rapid ejection
44
Which of the following conditions is associated with an increased pulse pressure? A) Aortic stenosis B) Aortic regurgitation C) Mitral stenosis D) Tricuspid regurgitation
B) Aortic regurgitation
45
During exercise, which of the following adaptations occur in the cardiac cycle? A) Increased diastolic duration B) Decreased systolic duration C) Increased isovolumetric contraction time D) Decreased ventricular ejection fraction
B) Decreased systolic duration
46
Which of the following will increase myocardial oxygen demand the most? A) Increased heart rate B) Increased preload C) Increased afterload D) Decreased contractility
A) Increased heart rate
47
Which of the following conditions can cause pulsus paradoxus? A) Aortic stenosis B) Cardiac tamponade C) Mitral regurgitation D) Atrial fibrillation
B) Cardiac tamponade
48
In a normal pressure-volume loop, what occurs immediately after the aortic valve closes? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Isovolumetric relaxation C) Ventricular filling D) Atrial systole
B) Isovolumetric relaxation
49
A patient with an increased ejection fraction likely has: A) Increased contractility B) Increased afterload C) Decreased stroke volume D) Decreased preload
A) Increased contractility
50
During which phase of the cardiac cycle is ventricular compliance most important for maintaining stroke volume? A) Rapid ejection B) Isovolumetric contraction C) Isovolumetric relaxation D) Ventricular filling
D) Ventricular filling
51
Which parameter is most useful for determining preload? A) End-diastolic volume B) End-systolic volume C) Stroke volume D) Heart rate
A) End-diastolic volume
52
Aortic regurgitation leads to which of the following changes in the cardiac cycle? A) Decreased preload B) Decreased pulse pressure C) Increased end-diastolic volume D) Increased afterload
C) Increased end-diastolic volume
53
In which condition would you expect a large v-wave in the atrial pressure tracing? A) Mitral regurgitation B) Aortic stenosis C) Tricuspid atresia D) Ventricular septal defect
A) Mitral regurgitation
54
Which of the following best describes the effect of an increased heart rate on cardiac output? A) Always increases cardiac output B) Always decreases cardiac output C) Increases cardiac output initially, then decreases at very high rates D) Has no effect on cardiac output
C) Increases cardiac output initially, then decreases at very high rates
55
A 65-year-old man is found to have a loud first heart sound. Which phase of the cardiac cycle is most affected? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Isovolumetric relaxation C) Rapid ejection D) Atrial systole
A) Isovolumetric contraction
56
During which phase of the cardiac cycle is coronary blood flow maximal? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Rapid ejection C) Early diastole D) Late diastole
C) Early diastole
57
A patient has aortic stenosis. What effect does this have on the afterload and ejection phase? A) Increased afterload, prolonged ejection B) Decreased afterload, shortened ejection C) Increased afterload, shortened ejection D) Decreased afterload, prolonged ejection
A) Increased afterload, prolonged ejection
58
A patient with atrial fibrillation has absent a-waves on the jugular venous pressure tracing. Which phase of the cardiac cycle is affected? A) Atrial systole B) Isovolumetric contraction C) Isovolumetric relaxation D) Rapid ejection
A) Atrial systole
59
Which of the following events contributes to the second heart sound? A) Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves B) Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves C) Rapid ventricular filling D) Isovolumetric contraction
B) Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
60
In a patient with mitral stenosis, which phase of the cardiac cycle is most affected? A) Isovolumetric relaxation B) Rapid ejection C) Ventricular filling D) Atrial systole
C) Ventricular filling
61
Which of the following changes is seen in chronic hypertension? A) Increased ventricular compliance B) Decreased end-systolic volume C) Increased afterload D) Increased preload
C) Increased afterload
62
A patient with severe heart failure has an elevated end-diastolic volume. What is the most likely cause? A) Decreased contractility B) Increased heart rate C) Decreased venous return D) Increased afterload
A) Decreased contractility
63
In a pressure-volume loop, what happens to the loop in response to an increase in contractility? A) Shifts left and upwards B) Shifts right and upwards C) Shifts left and downwards D) No change
A) Shifts left and upwards
64
A sudden decrease in ventricular compliance will most likely affect which cardiac parameter? A) Stroke volume B) End-diastolic pressure C) Cardiac output D) Afterload
B) End-diastolic pressure
65
In which phase of the cardiac cycle is the ventricular pressure the highest? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Isovolumetric relaxation C) Rapid ejection D) Atrial systole
C) Rapid ejection
66
Atrial contraction contributes most to ventricular filling in which condition? A) Normal heart B) Bradycardia C) Tachycardia D) Heart failure
C) Tachycardia
67
Which phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the peak of the aortic pressure curve? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Rapid ejection C) Isovolumetric relaxation D) Ventricular filling
B) Rapid ejection
68
Which of the following conditions is associated with an increased pulse pressure? A) Aortic stenosis B) Aortic regurgitation C) Mitral stenosis D) Tricuspid regurgitation
B) Aortic regurgitation
69
During exercise, which of the following adaptations occur in the cardiac cycle? A) Increased diastolic duration B) Decreased systolic duration C) Increased isovolumetric contraction time D) Decreased ventricular ejection fraction
B) Decreased systolic duration
70
Which of the following will increase myocardial oxygen demand the most? A) Increased heart rate B) Increased preload C) Increased afterload D) Decreased contractility
A) Increased heart rate
71
Which of the following conditions can cause pulsus paradoxus? A) Aortic stenosis B) Cardiac tamponade C) Mitral regurgitation D) Atrial fibrillation
B) Cardiac tamponade
72
In a normal pressure-volume loop, what occurs immediately after the aortic valve closes? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Isovolumetric relaxation C) Ventricular filling D) Atrial systole
B) Isovolumetric relaxation
73
A patient with an increased ejection fraction likely has: A) Increased contractility B) Increased afterload C) Decreased stroke volume D) Decreased preload
A) Increased contractility
74
During which phase of the cardiac cycle is ventricular compliance most important for maintaining stroke volume? A) Rapid ejection B) Isovolumetric contraction C) Isovolumetric relaxation D) Ventricular filling
D) Ventricular filling
75
Which parameter is most useful for determining preload? A) End-diastolic volume B) End-systolic volume C) Stroke volume D) Heart rate
A) End-diastolic volume
76
Aortic regurgitation leads to which of the following changes in the cardiac cycle? A) Decreased preload B) Decreased pulse pressure C) Increased end-diastolic volume D) Increased afterload
C) Increased end-diastolic volume
77
In which condition would you expect a large v-wave in the atrial pressure tracing? A) Mitral regurgitation B) Aortic stenosis C) Tricuspid atresia D) Ventricular septal defect
A) Mitral regurgitation
78
Which of the following best describes the effect of an increased heart rate on cardiac output? A) Always increases cardiac output B) Always decreases cardiac output C) Increases cardiac output initially, then decreases at very high rates D) Has no effect on cardiac output
C) Increases cardiac output initially, then decreases at very high rates
79
A 65-year-old man is found to have a loud first heart sound. Which phase of the cardiac cycle is most affected? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Isovolumetric relaxation C) Rapid ejection D) Atrial systole
A) Isovolumetric contraction
80
During which phase of the cardiac cycle is coronary blood flow maximal? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Rapid ejection C) Early diastole D) Late diastole
C) Early diastole
81
A patient has aortic stenosis. What effect does this have on the afterload and ejection phase? A) Increased afterload, prolonged ejection B) Decreased afterload, shortened ejection C) Increased afterload, shortened ejection D) Decreased afterload, prolonged ejection
A) Increased afterload, prolonged ejection
82
A patient with atrial fibrillation has absent a-waves on the jugular venous pressure tracing. Which phase of the cardiac cycle is affected? A) Atrial systole B) Isovolumetric contraction C) Isovolumetric relaxation D) Rapid ejection
A) Atrial systole
83
Which of the following events contributes to the second heart sound? A) Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves B) Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves C) Rapid ventricular filling D) Isovolumetric contraction
B) Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
84
In a patient with mitral stenosis, which phase of the cardiac cycle is most affected? A) Isovolumetric relaxation B) Rapid ejection C) Ventricular filling D) Atrial systole
C) Ventricular filling
85
Which of the following changes is seen in chronic hypertension? A) Increased ventricular compliance B) Decreased end-systolic volume C) Increased afterload D) Increased preload
C) Increased afterload
86
A patient with severe heart failure has an elevated end-diastolic volume. What is the most likely cause? A) Decreased contractility B) Increased heart rate C) Decreased venous return D) Increased afterload
A) Decreased contractility
87
In a pressure-volume loop, what happens to the loop in response to an increase in contractility? A) Shifts left and upwards B) Shifts right and upwards C) Shifts left and downwards D) No change
A) Shifts left and upwards
88
A sudden decrease in ventricular compliance will most likely affect which cardiac parameter? A) Stroke volume B) End-diastolic pressure C) Cardiac output D) Afterload
B) End-diastolic pressure
89
In which phase of the cardiac cycle is the ventricular pressure the highest? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Isovolumetric relaxation C) Rapid ejection D) Atrial systole
C) Rapid ejection
90
Atrial contraction contributes most to ventricular filling in which condition? A) Normal heart B) Bradycardia C) Tachycardia D) Heart failure
C) Tachycardia
91
Which phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the peak of the aortic pressure curve? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Rapid ejection C) Isovolumetric relaxation D) Ventricular filling
B) Rapid ejection
92
Which of the following conditions is associated with an increased pulse pressure? A) Aortic stenosis B) Aortic regurgitation C) Mitral stenosis D) Tricuspid regurgitation
B) Aortic regurgitation
93
During exercise, which of the following adaptations occur in the cardiac cycle? A) Increased diastolic duration B) Decreased systolic duration C) Increased isovolumetric contraction time D) Decreased ventricular ejection fraction
B) Decreased systolic duration
94
Which of the following will increase myocardial oxygen demand the most? A) Increased heart rate B) Increased preload C) Increased afterload D) Decreased contractility
A) Increased heart rate
95
Which of the following conditions can cause pulsus paradoxus? A) Aortic stenosis B) Cardiac tamponade C) Mitral regurgitation D) Atrial fibrillation
B) Cardiac tamponade
96
In a normal pressure-volume loop, what occurs immediately after the aortic valve closes? A) Isovolumetric contraction B) Isovolumetric relaxation C) Ventricular filling D) Atrial systole
B) Isovolumetric relaxation
97
A patient with an increased ejection fraction likely has: A) Increased contractility B) Increased afterload C) Decreased stroke volume D) Decreased preload
A) Increased contractility
98
During which phase of the cardiac cycle is ventricular compliance most important for maintaining stroke volume? A) Rapid ejection B) Isovolumetric contraction C) Isovolumetric relaxation D) Ventricular filling
D) Ventricular filling
99
Which parameter is most useful for determining preload? A) End-diastolic volume B) End-systolic volume C) Stroke volume D) Heart rate
A) End-diastolic volume
100
Aortic regurgitation leads to which of the following changes in the cardiac cycle? A) Decreased preload B) Decreased pulse pressure C) Increased end-diastolic volume D) Increased afterload
C) Increased end-diastolic volume
101
In which condition would you expect a large v-wave in the atrial pressure tracing? A) Mitral regurgitation B) Aortic stenosis C) Tricuspid atresia D) Ventricular septal defect
A) Mitral regurgitation
102
Which of the following best describes the effect of an increased heart rate on cardiac output? A) Always increases cardiac output B) Always decreases cardiac output C) Increases cardiac output initially, then decreases at very high rates D) Has no effect on cardiac output
C) Increases cardiac output initially, then decreases at very high rates
