Conditions Flashcards
Pain-Spasm Cycle
reflex muscle contraction > lack of movement > tissue ischemia > pain > muscle spasm > lack of movement > repeat
Spasm
Involuntary muscle contraction
Spasm Symptoms
-Pain from ischemia, spasm, HT, reduced ROM, possible TPs
-Caused by trauma, infection, stress, overstretch, pregnancy, medication, pathology
Edema
Local or general accumulation of
fluid in interstitial tissue spaces
Edema Symptoms
-varying temperature from hot if acute trauma to cool if chronic
- reduced ROM to limb
- possible painful adhesions
Strain
An overstretch injury to musculotendinous (MCT) unit. Includes muscle, tendons, osseous attachment and MCT junction.
Strain Grades
Grade 1: minor stretch or tear with minimal loss of strength, can continue activity with some discomfort
Grade 2: several to majority of MCT fibers tear, there is a snapping sound/sensation, a palpable gap and difficulty continuing activity
Grade 3: complete rupture/avulsion fracture (bony tendo attachment tears off and MCT unit remains intact), snapping sound/sensation, visible/palpable gap (muscle shortens), cannot continue activity
Strain Symptoms
Grade 1: local edema, tender at lesion, little to no loss of strength and ROM
Grade 2: Moderate local edema, heat, hematoma, bruising, moderate tenderness, pain and loss of strength and ROM
Grade 3: Marked edema, heat, hematoma, bruising, severe pain at lesion, loss of strength and ROM
Sprain
Over stretch injury to a ligament (join bones together and add stability to capsule)
Sprain Grades
Grade 1: Minor stretch/tear, no instability with PRROM, can continue activity with some discomfort
Grade 2: several to majority of fibers tear, snapping sound/joint gives, joint hypermobile but stable with PROM, difficulty continuing with activity
Grade 3: Complete rupture or avulsion (bony attachment tears off, ligament remains in tact), snapping sound/joint gives, instability/no end range with PROM, cannot continue with activity
Sprain Symptoms
Grade 1: Mild local pain at rest and with activity, local edema, heat and bruising, joint stable
Grade 2: Moderate pain at rest and with activity, moderate edema, heat, bruising, joint hypermobile yet stable
Grade 3: intense or mild pain at rest, marked edema, heat, bruising, possible hematoma, joint hypermobile and unstable
Cruciate Ligament Injuries (ACL/PCL/MCL/LCL)
An injury to the ligaments that check motion at the knee. The ACL and PCL cross each other to form an ‘X’, the anterior ligament preventing extension and anterior movement at the knee, the posterior preventing posterior translation of tibia on femur and internal tibial rotation. The MCL and LCL prevent medial and lateral translation of the knee.
Cruciate Ligament Injury Symptoms
Acute:
- Grade 1/2: pain, swelling, muscle guarding, bruising, redness, can continue with activity
- Grade 3: popping feeling, can’t continue activity due to pain, hemarthrosis, skin taut and hard
Chronic:
- unable to run/walk forward with ACL
- unable to squat, walk downstairs and run backwards with PCL
Meniscus Injury
An injury to the structures that provide shock absorption and increase glide in the knee
Meniscus Injury Symptoms
Acute: tearing, effusion, tenderness, pain, swelling
Chronic: clicking in joint, knee may lock, disuse atrophy, buckling with activity
Whiplash
An acceleration-deceleration injury to the head and neck relative to the body (direction of impact effects the symptoms and structures involved)
Grades of Whiplash
WAD0: no complaint about neck, no physical musculoskeletal or neuro signs)
WAD1: neck complaint of pain, stiffness, tenderness, no physical musculoskeletal or neurological signs, microscopic lesions not serious enough to cause muscle spasm
WAD2: neck complaint of pain, stiffness, tenderness, musculoskeletal signs of decreased ROM, point tenderness, injury to muscles/tendons/ligaments/joint capsule serious enough to cause spasm
WAD3: neck complaint of pain, stiffness or tenderness and neuro signs including decreased/absent DTR, weakness and sensory deficit, injury to neuro system due to mechanicla injury or inflammation/bleeding
WAD4: neck complaint and fracture or dislocation
Whiplash Symptoms
Acute: heat, edema, spasm, headache, concussion, no pain or decreased ROM until 24-48hours after trauma
Subacute/Chronic: symptoms decrease with SOH and most pain/stiffness is resolved in 4 to 6 weeks
