Conditions Flashcards
1
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with alcoholism?
A
Folate
Thiamin
Vitamin B12
Calorie intake
2
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with anemia?
A
Iron
Vitamin B12
Folate
3
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with ascites?
A
Sodium
Protein
4
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with beriberi?
A
Thiamin
5
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with cancer?
A
Adequate protein, calories and fiber
6
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with celiac disease?
A
B Complex
Vitamins
Vitamin D
7
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with COPD?
A
Vitamin D
Calcium
Weight loss
Calorie intake
8
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with asthma?
A
Vitamin D
Calcium
Weight loss
Calorie intake
9
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with diabetes?
A
Carbohydrates
Saturated fat
Cholesterol
Calories
Fiber
10
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with heart disease?
A
Saturated fat
Monounsaturated fat
Cholesterol
Sugar
Fiber
11
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with hyperlipidemia?
A
Saturated fat
Monounsaturated fat
Cholesterol
Sugar
Fiber
12
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with heart failure?
A
Sodium
13
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with hypertension?
A
Sodium
Calcium
Potassium
Alcohol
Sugar
Total Calories
14
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with kidney stones?
A
Calcium
Oxalate
Uric acid
Portein
Sodium
Fluid
15
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with liver disease?
A
Protein
Sodium
Fluid
16
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with malabsorption?
A
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
17
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with osteoporosis?
A
Vitamin D
Calcium
18
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with pellegra?
A
Niacin
19
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with renal failure?
A
Protein
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphorus
Fluid
20
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with rickets?
A
Vitamin D
Calcium
21
Q
What are the key dietary issues associated with scurvy?
A
Vitamin C
22
Q
Cheilitis
A
23
Q
Stomatitis
A
24
Q
Glossitis
A
25
Seborrheic dermatitis
26
Normochromic-normocytic anemia
27
Ecchymosis
Large bruised area of >1cm
28
Follicular hyperkeratosis
29
Dermatitis
30
Petechiae
31
Psoriasiform rash
32
Eczematous scaling
33
Purpura
34
Marasmus
35
Kwashiorkor
36
Cachexia
37
Hypogeusia
38
Glossitis
39
Nasolabial seborrhea
40
Hepatomegaly
41
Ascites
42
Hypogonadism
43
Kyphosis
44
Hyporeflexia
45
Koilonychias
46
Hypochacemia
47
Opthalmoplegia
48
Peripheral neuropathy
49
Tetany
50
Wernicke's encephalopathy
51
Korsakoff's psychosis
52
Wet Beriberi
53
Rickets
Abnormal bone formation, bending and distortion of bones, nodular enlargements of the boney epiphyses, delayed closure of the fontanels, bone pain
54
55
Uncontrolled hyperglycemia can cause…
Ketoacidosis
Non-ketotic hyperosmolar symdrome
56
What of the following leads to a diabetes diagnosis?
A1C >/= __%
FPG >/= ___ mg/dL or ___ mmol/L
2-hour PG >/= ___ mg/dL
75g OGTT >/= ____ mmol/L
A1C >/= 6.5%
FPG >/= 126 mg/dL or 7.0 mmol/L
2-hour PG >/= 200 mg/dL
75g OGTT >/= 11.1 mmol/L
57
FPG lab results for impaired fasting glucose:
100-125 mg/dL
5.6-6.9 mmol/L
58
OGTT lab results for impaired glucose tolerance:
75g
140-199 mg/dL
7.8-11.0 mmol/L
59
T1DM is caused by autoimmune destruction of what cells?
Islet beta cells
60
Common antibodies present in individuals with T1DM
Islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs)
Insulin autoantibodies (IAAs)
Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
Autoantibodies to tyrosine phosphatases IA-2 and IA-2beta
61
Insulin resistance may persist for years before a T2DM diagnosis, but what must be present before hyperglycemia manifests?
Impaired beta cell insulin secretory function
62
Altered biphasic insulin response in T2DM results in ____ hyperglycemia.
Prandial
63
In T2DM, inadequate first-phase insulin response is unable to suppress pancreatic ___ cell ______ secretion.
Alpha, glucagon
64
Glucagon hypersecretion in T2DM increases hepatic _____ production and ____ hyperglycemia.
Glucose, fasting
65
Insulin resistance in adipocytes causes _______ and increased circulating _____ ______ _____.
Lipolysis, free fatty acids
66
In T2DM, increased fatty acids cause…
Decreased insulin sensitivity
Impaired insulin secretion
Augmented hepatic glucose production
67
The ADA recommends that people on multiple-dose insulin or pump therapy do SMBG when?
Prior to meal and snacks
Postprandially at bedtime (occasionally)
Prior to exercise
When low blood glucose suspected
After treating low blood glucose (until normoglycemic)
Prior to critical tasks
68
What doors SMBG stand for?
Self monitoring of blood glucose
69
What does CGM stand for?
Continuous glucose monitoring
70
What are the recommended goals for glycemic tests in someone with diabetes?
A1C, preprandial capillary plasma glucose, Peak postprandial capillary plasma glucose
<7.0%
70-130 mg/dL (3.9-7.2 mmol/L)
<180 mg/dL (<10.0 mmol/L)
71
What are the recommended lipid panel goals for someone with T2DM?
LDL-C (overt CVD): <70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L)
LDL-C (w/o overt CVD): <100 mg/dL (2.6 mmol/L)
HDL-C: >50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L)
Trig: >40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L)
72
What is a better index for assessing lean body mass in COPD?
Fat-free mass (FFM)
73
What does the fat-free mass (FFM) index measure?
Six-minute walk distance
dyspnea
percentage of predicted FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio
Airway obstruction
Lung hyperinflation
Total lung capacity
74
In COPD, what factors contribute to malnutrition caused by poor nutrient intake?
Swallowing dysfunction
Decreased appetitie/taste for foods
Depression
Medication-induced GI side effects
Inability to prepare meals due to dyspnea
Dyspnea induced by eating
75
In COPD, what factors contribute to malnutrition caused by altered protein metabolism?
Increased inflammatory markers
Altered leptin and anabolic hormone levels
76
_________ enhances the immunological barrier in the GI tract via its trophism of enterocytes and colonocytes and serves as a substrate for glutathione.
Glutamine
76
What are common nutrient deficiencies seen in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF)?
Calories
Protein
Essential FAs
Fat soluble vitamins
Beta-carotene
Zinc
Iron
Sodium
77
The respiratory quotient (RQ) is expressed as the ratio of _____ produced to ___ consumed.
CO2, oxygen
77
In COPD, what factors contribute to malnutrition caused by hypermetabolism?
Increased inflammatory markers
Altered leptin and anabolic hormone levels
Increased work of breathing
Respiratory exacerbations
Medications
77
What is the RQ of carbohydrate? Fat? Mixed meal?
1.0
0.7
0.83
78
What factors contribute to weight loss/malnutrition in CF?
Maldigestion/malabsorption due to pancreatic insufficiency
Inadequate oral intake
Increased caloric/nutrient needs
CF-related organ system disease (pulmonary, liver, intestinal obstruction, CF-related diabetes mellitus)
79
In cystic fibrosis, steatorrhea is a clinical indicator of ____.
fat malabsorption
80
_____ enzymes are administered with meals and snacks to support nutrient absorption in patients with cystic fibrosis.
pancreatic
81
What inflammatory proteins are produced and released by adipose tissue?
Cytokines
Adipokines
82
Cytokines and adipokines released from adipose tissue play a role in increasing insulin ______ and _____ _____.
resistance;
oxidative stress
83
What are few nutrition related risk factors of corticosteroid use?
Hyperglycemia
Increased appetite
Fluid retention
Osteoporosis
84
Dialysis contributes to increased ____ losses.
Protein
85
Patients receiving hemodialysis should consuming at least ____ g/kg protein per day.
1.2
86
Patients recieving peritoneal dialysis are encouraged to consume __-___ g/kg of protein per day
1.2-1.3
87
Overfeeding patients with acute kidney injury a high dextrose load can cause...
Hyperglycemia
Triglyceridemia
CO2 retention
88
Initially, serum potassium and phosphate are likely to be ________ and serum sodium _____ in non-dialyzed patients who are oliguric.
elevated, lowered
89
Continuous atreiovenous hemofilitration (CAVH) utilizes catheters that are placed into a larger atery and vein in order to...
remove large volumes of essentially albumin-free plasmanate and return electrolyte concentration levels back to normal, especially patients who cannot tolerate standard hemodialysis due to low BP.
90
Protein requirement for Stage 1-3 CKD?
0.75 g/kg/day
91
Protein requirement for Stage 4-5 CKD?
0.6 g/kg/day
92
ACE inhibitors suppress the renin-angiotensin system, resulting in ______ aldosterone levels and subsequent ____ in serum potassium levels.
decreased; elevations
93
If serum potassium levels are consistently greater than 5.0 mEq/L in someone with kidney disease, a potassium-restricted diet of __-__ g/day is recommended.
2-3
94
______ describes the clinical syndrome resulting from abnormal mineral bone metabolism which occurs with CKD?
Mineral-Bone-Disorder (MBD)
95
Patients on hemodialysis tend to have _____ or ____ Total Chol, LDL-C, and triglycerides
normal; high
96
Patients on parenteral dialysis tend to have ____ Total Chol, LDL-C, and triglycerides, and ____ HDL-C
high; low
97
CKD patients on dialysis (HD/PD) usually supplement with...?
folic acid
pyroxidine
B-complex
Ascorbic acid
98
Protein recommendation for patients with renal transplant
1.3-2.0 g/kg/day
99
Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by large amounts of ___ in the urine
Protein
100
It is hypothesized that in obesity _____ and _______________ promote tumor development by stimulating cell proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, and promoting angiogenesis.
insulin
insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1)
101
In cancer, what are some examples of interventions to address taste changes?
Rinsing mouth with baking soda prior to eating
Using plastic cutlery
Eating cool/room temp foods
Tart foods, flavorful seasionings, marinated foods
102
In cancer, what are some interventions to address xerostomia?
Drinking fluids with meals
Moisten/puree foods
Use oral moistening mouthwash/gel
Papaya juice
AVOID: caffeine, alcohol, commercial mouth wash
103
In cancer, what are some interventions to address stomatitis mucositis?
Eat bland, soft, easy-to-swallow foods
Cook food until soft and tender
Cut foods into small pieces or puree
Mix foods with broth/gravy/sauce
Capsaicin candy
AVOID: Acidic, spicy, rough, salty foods
104
In cancer, what are some interventions to address diarrhea?
BRATT diet
Low fiber; increase slowly
Temporary avoidance of milk products
Increase fluid intake
Prophylactic use of probiotic to prevent radiation-induced diarrhea
AVOID: High fat foods, caffeine, alcohol tobacco, strong spices
105
In cancer, what are some interventions to address dumping syndrome?
Small, frequent meals (2 hrs)
Increase protein and fat in meals
Fluids between meals
Limit simple carbs
106
In cancer, what are some interventions to address constipation?
Gradually increase fiber rich foods
Drink 8-10 glasses of fluid per day
Drink 4-8 oz of prune juice 1-2/day
Increase physical activity
Fiber supp --> stool softener --> laxative
107
In cancer, what are some interventions to address nausea?
Fluids between meals
Cold foods
AVOID: foods with strong odors, high fat, strong spices
108
In cancer, what are some interventions to address vomitting?
NPO --> clear liquid --> full liquid --> soft
109
In cancer, what are some interventions to address early satiety?
Limit excessive intake of fat/fiber
Small, frequent meals (2hrs)
Increase protein and carb intake in meals
Fluids between meals
110
In cancer, what are some interventions to address bloating and gas?
Low fat/reduced fat foods
Avoid gas forming foods: cabbage, onions, gum, beans, corn
111
