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Y2S2 VETS2012 physiology > Condensed things I forgot > Flashcards

Condensed things I forgot Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin and glucagon action on Liver, Muscle, Adipose

A

Glucose
Fatty acids
Amino acids

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2
Q

Insulin summary of actions (1,2,3)

A
  1. Stimulates glucose uptake (mediated by GLUT4 (Smooth muscle, Adipose)
  2. Glycogenesis in liver + skeletal muscle
  3. Inhibits glucose production in liver
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3
Q

Control of insulin (3)

A

B cells in pancreas
GIT hormones (Gastrin, CCK, Secretin)
Presence of aa’s + fa’s in intestines

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4
Q

Insulin inhibition factors (2)

A

–> Catecholamines (adrenaline + noradrenaline)
–> Pancreatic somatostatin

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5
Q

effects of hypoglycaemia

A

confusion, seizures, coma

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6
Q

hyperglycaemia issues

A

increased osmotic pressure ECF = cellular dehydration
Osmotic diuresis from increased glycosuria = overall dehydration
long term is cytotoxic to blood vessels

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7
Q

Adrenaline 5 receptors

A

a1 and a2 = smooth muscle contraction
B1 = increased heart force + rate
B2 = affect relaxation
B3 = bladder relaxation

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8
Q

Somogyi effect

A

When insulin is not fx properly, other hormones take over

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9
Q

angiotensin 2

A

ADH and Aldersterone
increase sympathetic
Adrenaline
vasoconstrictions
And direct effect of ADH on nephron. Which increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

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10
Q

where does aldersterone activity

A

Na+ reabsorption increased

increase K+ and H+ secretion

because Na+/H+ potassium antiproton

(malfx)= bradycardia as hyper bradycardia

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11
Q

GH release factor

A

deep (nonREM) increase
sympathetic response /stress
exercise stimulates
Inhibited by increase glucose
Stimulated by decrease glucose

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12
Q

Overall actions of GH

A
  1. Increasing the numbers and size of cells in soft tissue
    2, increase thickness and increase length of the bone
  2. Seperate metabolic action
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13
Q

Direct action of GH actions of muscle, adipose and liver

A

Muscle = increase mass

Adipose = decrease fat storage

Liver = increase blood glucose

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14
Q

IGF 1

A

Linear growth (bone)

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15
Q

IGF 2

A

Tissue/organ growth

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16
Q

GH action mature

A

Maintains mm
increase blood sugar

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17
Q

Stimulate GH secretion

A

decrease blood glucose
decrease blood fatty acid
trauma, stress, excitement
exercise
Testosterone, estrogen
deep sleep
GHRH
Ghrelin

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18
Q

Inhibit Growth Hormones

A

increase blood glucose
increase blood ffa
aging
obesity
somatostatin GH
Somatomedins (IGF)

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19
Q

Four Mechanisms of kidney fighting acidosis

A
  1. Reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate (HCO3-)
  2. H+ combines with basic from of phosphate (HPO4 2-)
  3. H+ combines with ammonia (NH3) synthesised by tubule cells and is excreted as ammonium (NH4+)
  4. Final pH of urine determined by acid/base excretion in the collecting ducts
20
Q

where does the Aldersterone act on

21
Q

what are the two extrinsic receptors for ADH secretion

A

Hypothalamus
baroreceptors

22
Q

explain the different kidneys

23
Q

diabetes mellitus vs diabetes insipidus

A

mellitus = type 2 diabetes
insipidus = ADH deficiency

24
Q

The three basic reasons that catecholamines are secreted

A
  1. Low temperature
  2. low blood presure
  3. hypoglycaemia
25
the three things TSH regulate
26
Slit diaphragm
27
parathryoid cells
oxyphio cells ( inactive) chief (secrete parathyroid hormone
27
parathryoid cells
oxyphio cells ( inactive) chief (secrete parathyroid hormone
28
draw the thyroid cells
29
Learn the carbonic anhydrase two pathways it helps
this is slightly misleading as the carbonic anhydrase is in the PCT to combat acidosis which allows the H+ to be excreted and HCO3- to be reabsorbed into the blood. where as in the collecting duct Bicarbonate can be excreted into the collecting ducts via exchange with CI- which would decrease the base in the body, which assisting with alkalosis.
30
This the 5 layers of the adrenal glands and their fx and morphology
Cortex has 4 layers Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone - rounded cluster of cells Zona fasciculata - cortisol - parallel cords secretory cells Zona reticularis - androgens and stores some cortisol - irregular branching cord and clusters ( large capillaries. Zona intermedia - contains undifferentiated cells medulla = where all the innervation is which is to do with catecholamines
31
List the two types of cells in the parathyroid gland and what they do
Chief cells = synthesise and secrete parathyroid hormone Oxyphil cells = less numerous and no fx known
32
what hormone does thymus gland produce and what is it called?
Thymosine - a hormone which stimulates lymphopoiesis
33
What are the secretory cells of the adrenal medulla
Chromaffins cells are the secretory cells thus have a lot of nervous tissue
34
What are the 6 parts of the pituitary
the adrenohypophyseal has the Pars tubule, pars intermedia, Pars distal The neurohlypopheal has the median eminence, the infundibulum, pars nervosa
35
Cormaparative adrenal glands
Ox adrenal glands are L = c shaped, Right shaped like an upside down heart horse - close to kidney V compressed torso-ventrally
36
explain the Islet cells
Alpha - peripheral - 25% glucagon Beta - throughout - 60% insulin Delta - 10% somatostatin
37
explain the usage of vitamin D in relation with parathyroid hormone
This relates to the kidney, it helps the make calcium reabsorption occur, with parathyroid hormone activating it causes an increase in 125 vita D which is now activated --> so it would increase gut reabsorption of Calcium. PTH also acts on the kidneys to synthesise 1, 25 Vit D3
38
list the control of PTH release (4)
1. level of calcium in the blood 2. adrenaline 3. level of magnesium 4. Secretion also affected by sleep, with highest values in the early morning
39
explain the signalling used to by calcium to tell parathyroid to secrete
calciums uses secondary Camp receptors
40
transcalciferin
what binds to Vitamin D to allow that pro hormone to fx, it is synthesised from the liver
41
Vitamin D3 action (3) plus overall action
increase reabsorption of calcium Increase absorption of Ca++ and PO43- in small intestine Stimulates bone to mobilise Ca++ and PO43- Promote Ca++ reabsorption in kidneys
42
calcitonin Ltx of secretion and 2 actions to fo overall fx
Ltx = parafollicular cells in thyroid gland Inhibits bone resorption and promotes deposition (inhibits osteoclasts) Decrease kidney reabsorption of Ca++
43
stimulating of calcitonin secretion
High calcium levels in the blood the three GIT hormones
44
The three issues with hypercalcemia
1. increased mobilisation of Ca from the bone 2. Increased calcium excretion in the kidney 3. Decreased polorisation of the CNS as they block the Na+
45
why does hypoglycemia cause issues with seizures
--> thus increased permeability which mean lowering of the depolorisation thresehold meaning seizures
46
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism = PTH hypersecretion Causes: Primary due to adenoma Secondary due to chronic renal failure Loss Vitamin D Secondary nutritional Ca++/PO4 imbalance OR Oxalates/phytic acid in feed binding Ca in feed

Y2S2 VETS2012 physiology (16 decks)

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