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Y2S2 VETS2012 physiology > Condensed things I forgot > Flashcards

Condensed things I forgot Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin and glucagon action on Liver, Muscle, Adipose

A

Glucose
Fatty acids
Amino acids

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2
Q

Insulin summary of actions (1,2,3)

A
  1. Stimulates glucose uptake (mediated by GLUT4 (Smooth muscle, Adipose)
  2. Glycogenesis in liver + skeletal muscle
  3. Inhibits glucose production in liver
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3
Q

Control of insulin (3)

A

B cells in pancreas
GIT hormones (Gastrin, CCK, Secretin)
Presence of aa’s + fa’s in intestines

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4
Q

Insulin inhibition factors (2)

A

–> Catecholamines (adrenaline + noradrenaline)
–> Pancreatic somatostatin

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5
Q

effects of hypoglycaemia

A

confusion, seizures, coma

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6
Q

hyperglycaemia issues

A

increased osmotic pressure ECF = cellular dehydration
Osmotic diuresis from increased glycosuria = overall dehydration
long term is cytotoxic to blood vessels

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7
Q

Adrenaline 5 receptors

A

a1 and a2 = smooth muscle contraction
B1 = increased heart force + rate
B2 = affect relaxation
B3 = bladder relaxation

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8
Q

Somogyi effect

A

When insulin is not fx properly, other hormones take over

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9
Q

angiotensin 2

A

ADH and Aldersterone
increase sympathetic
Adrenaline
vasoconstrictions
And direct effect of ADH on nephron. Which increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

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10
Q

where does aldersterone activity

A

Na+ reabsorption increased

increase K+ and H+ secretion

because Na+/H+ potassium antiproton

(malfx)= bradycardia as hyper bradycardia

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11
Q

GH release factor

A

deep (nonREM) increase
sympathetic response /stress
exercise stimulates
Inhibited by increase glucose
Stimulated by decrease glucose

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12
Q

Overall actions of GH

A
  1. Increasing the numbers and size of cells in soft tissue
    2, increase thickness and increase length of the bone
  2. Seperate metabolic action
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13
Q

Direct action of GH actions of muscle, adipose and liver

A

Muscle = increase mass

Adipose = decrease fat storage

Liver = increase blood glucose

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14
Q

IGF 1

A

Linear growth (bone)

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15
Q

IGF 2

A

Tissue/organ growth

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16
Q

GH action mature

A

Maintains mm
increase blood sugar

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17
Q

Stimulate GH secretion

A

decrease blood glucose
decrease blood fatty acid
trauma, stress, excitement
exercise
Testosterone, estrogen
deep sleep
GHRH
Ghrelin

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18
Q

Inhibit Growth Hormones

A

increase blood glucose
increase blood ffa
aging
obesity
somatostatin GH
Somatomedins (IGF)

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19
Q

Four Mechanisms of kidney fighting acidosis

A
  1. Reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate (HCO3-)
  2. H+ combines with basic from of phosphate (HPO4 2-)
  3. H+ combines with ammonia (NH3) synthesised by tubule cells and is excreted as ammonium (NH4+)
  4. Final pH of urine determined by acid/base excretion in the collecting ducts
20
Q

where does the Aldersterone act on

A

DCT

21
Q

what are the two extrinsic receptors for ADH secretion

A

Hypothalamus
baroreceptors

22
Q

explain the different kidneys

A
23
Q

diabetes mellitus vs diabetes insipidus

A

mellitus = type 2 diabetes
insipidus = ADH deficiency

24
Q

The three basic reasons that catecholamines are secreted

A
  1. Low temperature
  2. low blood presure
  3. hypoglycaemia
25
Q

the three things TSH regulate

A
26
Q

Slit diaphragm

A
27
Q

parathryoid cells

A

oxyphio cells ( inactive)
chief (secrete parathyroid hormone

27
Q

parathryoid cells

A

oxyphio cells ( inactive)
chief (secrete parathyroid hormone

28
Q

draw the thyroid cells

A
29
Q

Learn the carbonic anhydrase two pathways it helps

A

this is slightly misleading as the carbonic anhydrase is in the PCT to combat acidosis which allows the H+ to be excreted and HCO3- to be reabsorbed into the blood.

where as in the collecting duct Bicarbonate can be excreted into the collecting ducts via exchange with CI- which would decrease the base in the body, which assisting with alkalosis.

30
Q

This the 5 layers of the adrenal glands and their fx and morphology

A

Cortex has 4 layers
Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone - rounded cluster of cells
Zona fasciculata - cortisol - parallel cords secretory cells
Zona reticularis - androgens and stores some cortisol - irregular branching cord and clusters ( large capillaries.
Zona intermedia - contains undifferentiated cells

medulla = where all the innervation is which is to do with catecholamines

31
Q

List the two types of cells in the parathyroid gland and what they do

A

Chief cells = synthesise and secrete parathyroid hormone

Oxyphil cells = less numerous and no fx known

32
Q

what hormone does thymus gland produce and what is it called?

A

Thymosine - a hormone which stimulates lymphopoiesis

33
Q

What are the secretory cells of the adrenal medulla

A

Chromaffins cells are the secretory cells
thus have a lot of nervous tissue

34
Q

What are the 6 parts of the pituitary

A

the adrenohypophyseal has the Pars tubule, pars intermedia, Pars distal

The neurohlypopheal has the median eminence, the infundibulum, pars nervosa

35
Q

Cormaparative adrenal glands

A

Ox adrenal glands are L = c shaped, Right shaped like an upside down heart
horse - close to kidney V compressed torso-ventrally

36
Q

explain the Islet cells

A

Alpha - peripheral - 25% glucagon
Beta - throughout - 60% insulin
Delta - 10% somatostatin

37
Q

explain the usage of vitamin D in relation with parathyroid hormone

A

This relates to the kidney, it helps the make calcium reabsorption occur, with parathyroid hormone activating it causes an increase in 125 vita D which is now activated –> so it would increase gut reabsorption of Calcium.

PTH also acts on the kidneys to synthesise 1, 25 Vit D3

38
Q

list the control of PTH release (4)

A
  1. level of calcium in the blood
  2. adrenaline
  3. level of magnesium
  4. Secretion also affected by sleep, with highest values in the early morning
39
Q

explain the signalling used to by calcium to tell parathyroid to secrete

A

calciums uses secondary Camp receptors

40
Q

transcalciferin

A

what binds to Vitamin D to allow that pro hormone to fx, it is synthesised from the liver

41
Q

Vitamin D3 action (3) plus overall action

A

increase reabsorption of calcium

Increase absorption of Ca++ and PO43- in small intestine
Stimulates bone to mobilise Ca++ and PO43-
Promote Ca++ reabsorption in kidneys

42
Q

calcitonin Ltx of secretion and 2 actions to fo overall fx

A

Ltx = parafollicular cells in thyroid gland

Inhibits bone resorption and promotes deposition (inhibits osteoclasts)
Decrease kidney reabsorption of Ca++

43
Q

stimulating of calcitonin secretion

A

High calcium levels in the blood
the three GIT hormones

44
Q

The three issues with hypercalcemia

A
  1. increased mobilisation of Ca from the bone
  2. Increased calcium excretion in the kidney
  3. Decreased polorisation of the CNS as they block the Na+
45
Q

why does hypoglycemia cause issues with seizures

A

–> thus increased permeability which mean lowering of the depolorisation thresehold meaning seizures

46
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Hyperparathyroidism = PTH hypersecretion
Causes:
Primary due to adenoma
Secondary due to chronic renal failure
Loss Vitamin D
Secondary nutritional
Ca++/PO4 imbalance OR
Oxalates/phytic acid in feed binding Ca in feed

Y2S2 VETS2012 physiology (16 decks)

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