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Z A Level Chemistry 2 > Condensation Polymers > Flashcards

Condensation Polymers Flashcards

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1
Q

How can alkenes form polymers?

A

By addition polymerisation

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2
Q

What are polyesters and polyamides?

A
  • Polyesters and polyamides are two important condensation polymers made on an industrial scale
  • Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are common starting materials for their preparation
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3
Q

What is needed for condensation polymerisation?

A

Two different functional groups are needed

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4
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Condensation polymerisation is the joining of monomers with loss of a small molecule, usually water (the condensation) or hydrogen chloride

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5
Q

What happens in making polyesters?

A
  1. When making a polyester, monomers are joined together by ester linkage in a long chain to form a polymers
  2. Polyesters can be made from one monomer containing both a carboxylic acid and an alcohol group or from two monomers, one continuing two carboxylic acid groups and tho the containing two alcohol groups
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6
Q

Describe how polyesters are made from one monomer containing two different functional groups

A
  1. For this type of polyester formation, only one monomer is involved containing both different functional groups, -a hydroxy group (-OH) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
  2. Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) is the simplest polyester of this type, made by condensation polymerisation of its monomer, glycolic acid HOCH2COOH
    - Glycolic acid contains both a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group
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7
Q

What happen in the formation of PGA?

A

The carboxylic acid group in one molecule of glycolic acid reacts with the alcohol group of another molecule of glycolic acid to form the ester linkage an water

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8
Q

Describe lactic acid

A
  • Lactic acid, HOCH(CH3)COOH, also undergoes condensation polymerisation to form poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
  • Lactic acid is derived from maize, making its production much more sustainable than polymers derived from fossil fuels
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9
Q

What does PLA and PGA have in common?

A

Both PLA and PGA are biodegradable polymers

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10
Q

What is needed for polyesters made from two monomers each containing two function groups?

A
  • For this type of polyester formation, two different monomers are involved, each with different functional groups
    1. One monomer is a diol, with two hydroxyl groups
    2. One monomer is a dicarboxylic acid, with two carboxyl groups
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11
Q

Describe Terylene

A
  • Terylene is a condensation polymer made from the reaction between two monomers
    1. Benzene-1,4-carboxylic acid (HOOCC6H4COOH)
    2. Ethane-1,2-diol (HO(CH2)2OH)
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12
Q

Describe the formation of Terylene from its monomers

A

During the condensation reaction a hydroxyl group on the diol reacts with a carboxyl group on the dicarboxylic acid forming an ester linkage and water

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13
Q

What is Terylene?

A
  • Terylene (polyethylene terephthalate) is often shortened to PET and has many diverse uses ranging from clothing to plastic PET bottles
  • Polyesters are also used for electrical insulation
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14
Q

What are polyamides?

A

Polyamides are condensation polymers formed when monomers are joined together by amide linkages in a along chain to form the polymer

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15
Q

How can polyamides be made?

A

-As with polyesters, polyamides can be made from one monomer containing both a carboxylic acid (or acyl chloride) and an amine group, or from two monomers one continuing two carboxylic acid groups (or acyl chlorides) and other containing two amine groups

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16
Q

Describe the formation of polyamides from one monomer with two functional groups

A
  1. Amino acid contain both an amine group and a carboxylic acid group
  2. Amino acids undergo condensation polymerisation to form polypeptides or amino acids
  3. A polypeptide or protein contains many different amino acids all linked together by amide bonds
  4. When an amide bond is formed, water is lost
17
Q

Describe the formation of polyamides from two monomers each with two functional groups

A

Polyamides can be made by the reaction of a dicarboxylic acid (or acyl chloride) with a diamine

18
Q

What are two ways that nylon can be synthesised?

A
  1. From reaction of hexanedioic acid and 1,6-diaminohexane (synthesis of Nylon from the reaction of a diamine with a dicarboxylic acid)
  2. From the reaction of hexanedioyl chloride and 1,6-diaminohexane (synthesis of Nylon from the reaction of a diamine with a diacyl chloride)
19
Q

Describe the formation of nylon

A
  • Different types of nylon can be made by varying the cabronacahin length
  • During the condensation reaction an amide bond forma between the amine on one monomer and the carboxyl (or acyl chloride) group on the other monomer
20
Q

How can polyesters and polyamides be hydrolysed? (condensation polymers)

A

Using hot aqueous alkali such as sodium hydroxide or by hot aqueous acid such as hydrochloric acid

  • Acid: extra h and + on N
  • Alkali e.g. NaOH, O-Na+ instead of COOH
21
Q

Describe hydrolysing polyesters

A

Poly(Trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) is a polyester used in the manufacture of carpets and clothing fabric (look at diagram of acid and base hydrolysis)

22
Q

Describe hydrolysing polyamides

A

Nomex is a synthetic heat and fire-retardant polyamide, used in oven gloves and in the fire-protective suits worn by Formula 1 racing drivers and pit crew (look at diagram of acid and base hydrolysis)

23
Q

What are the properties of addition polymerisation?

A
  1. Monomer contains a C=C double bond
  2. Backbone of polymer is a continuous chain of carbon atoms
    E.G of monomer CICH=CHCH3
24
Q

What are properties of condensation polymerisation?

A
  1. Two monomers each with two functional groups
  2. One monomer with two different functional groups
  3. Polymer contains ester or amide linkages
    E.G of monomers: HOOCCH2COOH and HOCH2CH2OH
    H2NCH2COOH
25
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

Monomers join together with loss of a small molecule usually H2O or HCL

Z A Level Chemistry 2 (17 decks)

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