concise - global health

Question 1

MDGs

Answer 1

Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty & Hunger
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality & Empower Women
Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

Question 2

inequalities in health

Answer 2

1. Material: environmental causes, possibly mediated by behaviour
2. Artefact: apparent product of how it is measured
3. Cultural/behavioural: poorer people behave in unhealthy ways
4. Selection: sick people sink socially and economically

Question 3

recommendations to redice inequality

Answer 3

1. Improve daily living conditions
2. Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources: strong public sector needed
3. Measure and understand the problem and assess the results of action: need to high quality surveillance systems

Question 4

functional assessment for older people

Answer 4

1. Activities of Daily Living scale
   - 6 capabilities graded on level of dependence
2. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale
   - 7 capabilities graded on level of independence
3. The Barthel ADL index
   - Based on 10 items that measure a person’s daily functioning
4. Mini Mental State Examination
   - measures orientation, registration, short-term memory and language functioning

Question 5

disability paradox

Answer 5

People with profound disability report a high QOL:
1. expectations adjust to current condition – there is a response shift, challenged health status leads to re-evaluation of what is important to life quality, lowered expectations translates to higher satisfaction

Question 6

Influenze: Reproduction number

Answer 6

R, defined as the average number of secondary cases generated by a primary case -> identify the intensity of interventions required to control an epidemic

Question 7

influenze public health intervention

Answer 7

1. Hand washing
2. Respiratory hygiene: ‘Catch it, Bin it, Kill it’
3. Reduce social contact: not attending large gatherings

Question 8

influenze: wide intervention

Answer 8

1. Travel restrictions
2. Restrictions of mass public gatherings
3. Schools closure
4. Voluntary home isolation of cases
5. Voluntary quarantine of contacts of known cases
6. Screening of people entering UK ports

Question 9

phases of managing infectious threat

Answer 9

1. Identification of new threat
2. Containment Phase –few cases
   - aim: reduce spread while learning about disease and developing treatments/vaccine
   - handwashing, isolation of cases, antivirals for reducing spread, controlling ports, stopping groups etc
3. Management Phase: many cases, spreading freely in the community
   - aim: manage cases, reduce severity and protect those most vulnerable to the infection
   - vaccinate, ensure system able to provide best treatment possible given constraints, isolate vulnerable people from cases

Question 10

Clostridium difficile - SIGHT

Answer 10

S – Suspect C diff as a cause of diarrhoea
I – Isolate the case
G – Gloves and aprons must be worn
H – Hand washing with soap and water
T – Test stool for toxin 
-Control antibiotic usage 
-Treat: metronidazole/vancomycin

Question 11

Diarrhoea: control measures checklist

Answer 11

1. Handwashing with soap
2. Ensure availability of safe drinking water
3. Safe disposal of human waste
4. Breastfeeding of infants & young children
5. Safe handling and processing of food
6. Control of flies/vectors
7. Case management including exclusion
8. Vaccination

Question 12

Diarrhoea: At rik groups

Answer 12

A – Persons of doubtful personal hygiene or with unsatisfactory hygiene facilities at home, work or school
B – Children who attend pre-school or nursery
C – People whose work involves preparing or serving unwrapped/uncooked food
D – HCW/Social care staff working with vulnerable people

Question 13

Cause of death recording

Answer 13

1(a) Disease or condition leading directly to death

(b) other disease or condition, if any, leading to 1(a)
(c) other disease or condition, if any, leading to 1(b)

II Other significant conditions contributing to death but not related to the disease or condition causing it

Question 14

Iceberg concept of disease

Answer 14

1. Pre-symptomatic
2. Undiagnosed/Wrongly diagnosed
3. Diagnosed, uncontrolled
4. Diagnosed, controlled
   The number of cases of disease ascertained is outweighed by those not discovered, assessment of the true burden of disease and need for services is often not easily done.

Question 15

Reflection

Answer 15

It is a process of exploration & discovery
It is deliberate, intended & directed to a goal
It is total response to a situation or event
It includes thoughts, feelings & behaviours
It occurs at the time of an event or after it