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Sepsis > Concepts of Infection II > Flashcards

Concepts of Infection II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common group of gram negatives that causes infection?

A

Enterobacterales = aerobic bacilli (e.g ecoli, salmonella, proteus)

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2
Q

What bacteria does the pseudomonas group encompass?

A

Aerobic gram negative bacilli that aren’t part of the coliform

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3
Q

What type of bacteria are neisseria?

A

Gram negative aerobic cocci

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4
Q

What component of the cell wall in gram negative bacteria drives sepsis in this group?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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5
Q

What are some descriptors of sputum that would indicate particular organisms?

A

Rusty = pneumococcus
Bloody = TB
Yellow/green = bacterial infection
Redcurrant jelly = klebsiella

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6
Q

What are some descriptors of sputum that would indicate certain conditions?

A

Bloody = PE
Black = coal miners
Anchovy paste = ruptured amoebic abscess
Pink frothy = pulmonary oedema

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7
Q

What is the most common infection associated with HIV?

A

Strep pneumoniae = causes pneumonia

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8
Q

What is coxiella infection associated with?

A

Farm animals = produced when animals give birth

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9
Q

What is psittacosis associated with?

A

Birds of the parrot family

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10
Q

What is the typical cause of a middle lobar pneumonia?

A

Strep pneumoniae

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11
Q

How is atypical pneumonia treated?

A

Doxycycline covers most causes

Clarithromycin for legionella

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12
Q

How is an atypical pneumonia described?

A

Involvement of more than one lobe bilaterally

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13
Q

What are some causes of atypical pneumonia?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, coxiella burnetti, chlamydiophila psittaci, legionella, viral or fungal

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14
Q

Following an influenza illness, what are the most common infections?

A

Strep pneumoniae, then staph aureus

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15
Q

What is haemphilus influenzae?

A

Gram negative coccobacillus = encapsulated or non-encapsulated

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16
Q

What is the most virulent form of haemophilus influenzae?

A

Type B encapsulated form

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17
Q

What are some features of haemophilus influenzae?

A

Generally aerobic
Grows on chocolate agar
Treated be amoxicillin or doxycycline

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18
Q

What type of bacteria is legionella pneumophila?

A

Gram negative bacilli = serogroup 1 causes most disease

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19
Q

How is legionella pneumophila diagnosed?

A

By performing broncho-alveolar lavage

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20
Q

What are the risk factors for legionella pneumophila?

A

Main association is lukewarm aerolised water

Risk factors = COPD, smokers, diabetes, dialysis

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21
Q

What other disease does legionella pneumophila produced, other than pneumonia?

A

Pontiac fever

22
Q

How is legionella pneumophila treated?

A

Quinolones (e.g ciprofloxacin)

23
Q

How is coxiella burnetti infection diagnosed?

A

By serology

24
Q

What type of bacteria are enterobacterales?

A

Gram negative bacilli

25
Q

What are some examples of fast-lactose forming gram negatives?

A

Ecoli, klebsiella, enterobacter

26
Q

What organisms would be indicated if a culture grew non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacteria?

A

Pseudomonas

27
Q

What gram positives cause anthrax?

A

Bacillus spp group

28
Q

Where is lactobacillus found?

A

In gut and vagina = gram positive bacteria

29
Q

What type of bacteria is corynebacterium?

A

Gram positive bacilli = found on skin

30
Q

What are some antibiotics that will be effective against gram negative bacteria?

A

Beta lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, polymixins

31
Q

What is the most commonly used antibiotic for gram negative infections and sepsis?

A

Gentamicin

32
Q

What are some examples of beta lactams?

A

Penicillin, flucloxacillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins, co-amoxiclav, meropenem

33
Q

What method do aminoglycosides rely on to kill bacteria?

A

Concentration dependent killing

34
Q

What type of bacteria are streptococci?

A

Gram positive cocci in pairs or chains = catalase positive and facultative anaerobes

35
Q

What can a facultative anaerobe do?

A

Grow both aerobically and anaerobically

36
Q

How can streptococci be classified using their action on agar?

A

Beta haemolytic = complete haemolysis (yellow)
Alpha haemolytic = partial haemolysis (brown)
Gamma haemolytic = no haemolysis

37
Q

What type of haemolysis do Group A and B streptococci show?

A

Beta haemolysis

38
Q

What are some examples of alpha haemolytic streptococci?

A

Strep pneumoniae and viridans

39
Q

What can Group A streptococci also be called?

A

Strep pyogenes

40
Q

What is strep bovis associated with?

A

Endocarditis and colonic tumours = now called strep gallolyticus, Belongs to Group D and is alpha haemolytic

41
Q

What antibiotic is mostly used to treat streptococci?

A

Benzylpenicillin

42
Q

When is Vancmycin used to treat streptococcal infection?

A

In penicillin-allergic patients and to treat meningitis caused by strep pneumoniae

43
Q

What bacteria is vancomycin active against?

A

Only gram positive = works at cell wall, not active against gram negatives or anaerobes

44
Q

What is the first line antibiotic used to treat enterococcus?

A

Amoxicillin

45
Q

What antibiotics is enterococcus intrinsically resistant to?

A

Penicillin, flucloxacillin, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides

46
Q

Where are enterococci found?

A

In the GI tract

47
Q

What type of enterococcus causes the most disease?

A

E.faecalis

48
Q

What are some side effects associated with linezolid?

A

Serotonin syndrome and marrow toxicity

49
Q

What is the first line antibiotic for staph aureus sepsis?

A

Flucloxacillin

50
Q

What type of bacteria is nocardia?

A

Gram positive bacilli = occurs in those with HIV or on immunosuppression

51
Q

What type of bacteria is listeria?

A

Gram positive bacilli = seen in alcohol excess and pregnancy, associated with unpasteurised cheese

Sepsis (7 decks)

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