Concepts of Health and Disease Flashcards
Topics from lecture 1
What are the three classifications of disease
- anatomical
- physiological
- pathological
What is an anatomical disease
a disease based on the organs affected
eg. heart, brain and liver disease
What is a physiological disease
a disease that affects the process or a function
eg. metabolic, digestive or respiratory disease
What is a pathological disease
a disease where classification is based upon the nature of the disease at cellular/tissue level
eg. neoplastic/inflammatory disease
What are the four different types of disease
- deficiency diseases
- genetic diseases
- physiological diseases
- infectious diseases
What is a deficiency disease
a disease caused by a lack of essential nutrients in diets, commonly linked with malnutrition
eg. scurvy, anaemia, rickets
What is a genetic disease
a disease that occurs due to genetic mutation, that can be inherited or acquired
eg. down syndrome, haemophilia, cystic fibrosis
What is a physiological disease
a disease that occurs as a result of malfunctioning of the organs or systems of the body
eg. asthma, diabetes, multiple sclerosis
What is an infectious disease
a disease caused by pathogens
- can be from person to person, insects to humans, animals to humans
What are the seven different types of pathogens
- bacteria
- viruses
- protozoa
- fungi
-helminths (parasitic worms) - ectoparasites
- prions
What is bacteria
- a prokaryotic single-celled organism
- grouped by gram positive or negative
- has different shapes
- not all pathogenic
- Streptacoccus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli
What is a virus
structure
- DNA, capsid, tegument, envelope, glycoproteins
- HIV, measles, influenza
What is a protozoa
- unicellular eukaryotes
- account for vast global diseases
- eg infected RBC with Plasmodium vivax
What is fungi
- fungal infection (mycoses) from injury/inhalation
- cutaneous infections on skin, nails or hair
- eg ringworm, athlete’s foot, mouth thrush
What are helminths
- eukaryotic multicellular endoparasites
- roundworms (nematodes) and flatworms (platyhelminthes)
- has evasive strategies to survive in host
What are ectoparasites
- organisms that are found on the outer-surface of the host
- arthropods: insects (6 legs) and arachnids (8 legs)
- eg fleas (pulicosis), lice (pediculosis) and ticks (lime disease)
What are prions
- misfolded infectious proteins
- can cause other proteins to misfold most abundantly in the brain
- have no genetic material, known as TSEs
What are the different infection transmission routes
- direct person to person: mother to child, handshake, sexual contact/touch
- indirect person to person: bloodborne, airborne, faecal-oral, waterborne, foodborne, fomite
- animal to human (zoonotic): toxoplasmosis, trichinosis, rabies
- insect to humans: vector born eg Malaria (mosquitoes), Leishmaniasis (sandflies)
What is mortality
deaths in a population
mortality rate: how many deaths occur in a population over a given time
eg. infant mortality rate, under 5 mortality rate and maternal ration
What is morbidity
illnesses, diseases or disorders
DALYs (disability adjusted life years) are used to quantify the overall burden of disease
DALYs = Years of life lost (YLL) + Years lived with disability (YLD)
