Concepts and Definitions of Physical Activity Flashcards
Play has been defined as ‘an activity from which you get immediate pleasure without ulterior motive’ (Spencer).
(i) Explain this definition of play.
Fun / enjoyment / non-serious.
(No rules – incorrect.)
Intrinsic value / no tangible / extrinsic rewards.)
(Do not accept ‘no rewards’.)
State three ways in which sport differs from play.
Sport has more / play has less:
Extrinsic rewards;
(accept trophies / prizes.)
Competition / fixtures / leagues;
(accept winners / losers.)
Commitment / effort;
Highly structured / time constraints / boundaries / equipment / kit;
(accept organised / institutionalised / NGBs.)
Rules / regulations / officials / tactics;
Tactics / skills required.
Outline the main differences between ‘physical education’ and ‘active leisure’.
If not identified; assume student refers to PE
Response says PE is …, but active leisure is …; – could be worth 2 marks.
Physical education:
Compulsory / School time / lessons;
Formal teaching & learning / National Curriculum / syllabus / key stages;
Teacher in Authority;
Foundation level;
Highly structured / pre-planned times-sessions / activities / organised.
Active leisure:
Voluntary / choice / no obligation;
In leisure / free / own time;
Informal / relaxed / casual;
Individual / participants control activity / self-regulated;
Participation level;
Limited / simple organisational structure.
What are the similarities and the differences between recreation and play?
Similarities Both voluntary / choice / free will. (NOT leisure time) Both social / friendship groups. (NOT non-competitive) Both develop skills / suitable egs. Both develop health / fitness. Both can be creative / expressive. Both self-officiating / few pre-set rules. (NOT no rules) Both informal learning / not taught / assessed. Both non-serious end product / intrinsic rewards / fun.
Differences (based on recreation)
Adults = recreation and children = play.
Sub max 3 marks
(Accept reverse)
Recreation = time free from work and children don’t work.
Recreation organised / some pre-set / modified rules /etc and play is spontaneous / eq.
Adults escape reality / stress relief / Cathartic and children model / master reality.
What are the similarities and the differences between sport and active leisure?
Similarities
Both energetic / physical / health / fitness / equiv
(Not ‘active’) (Not ‘leisure’)
Both in free time / choice / voluntary
Differences
Sport competitive, active leisure (usually) less so
(accept ‘sport has…active leisure doesn’t…’)
Sport has more commitment / effort / training / serious, active leisure (usually) less so
Sport has clubs / organisation, active leisure (usually) less so
Sport has officials, active leisure (usually) self-regulated
Sport has set rules / tactics, active leisure (usually) modified rules
(accept ‘sport has…active leisure doesn’t…’)
In what ways are the characteristics of physical education and those of sport different?
3 marks for 3 of (sub max 2 marks per section)
Sport:
Sport is competitive / sport primarily seeks winners and losers / extrinsic rewards;
Sport may not have educational objective / is elitist;
Sport does / may not lead to improvement / learning;
Sport is serious / commitment / training;
Sport is voluntary / in your own time / choice.
PE:
PE develops (motor / psycho-motor) skills;
PE involves learning other things;
PE develops morals / ethics / fair play;
PE health / social / life-long learning / child-centred;
PE is compulsory.
Describe how schools can provide extra-curricular opportunities to increase participation rates for their pupils.
Clubs / societies / school club links;
Team / practices / matches / competitions;
Voluntary / participation / anybody can take part / increased numbers;
Lunchtime / after-school / weekends;
Wide range of activities / choice;
Cater for wide range of abilities;
On-site / off site;
Peripatetic teachers / coaches / instructors.
Outline the main differences between ‘physical education’ and ‘active leisure’.
Physical education:
If not identified; assume student refers to PE
Response says PE is …, but active leisure is …; – could be worth 2
marks.
Compulsory / School time / lessons;
Formal teaching & learning / National Curriculum / syllabus / key stages;
Teacher in Authority;
Foundation level;
Highly structured / pre-planned times-sessions / activities / organised.
Active leisure:
Voluntary / choice / no obligation;
In leisure / free / own time;
Informal / relaxed / casual;
Individual / participants control activity / self-regulated;
Participation level;
Limited / simple organisational structure.
How does school sport differ from physical education?
Sport – Extra-curricular / after school / lunchtimes and PE in lessons
(Must give both sides of differences accept opposites from other points, eg ‘sport after school but PE
compulsory’)
Sport – Structured / competitive / rules / winning and PE less so
(Accept ‘but PE is not’ / eq)
Sport – voluntary and PE compulsory
(Accept ‘but PE is not’ / eq)
Sport – for chosen / few and PE for all
Sport – coach and PE teacher
Sport – single / specialised activity and PE is many activities
Indoor ski slopes are an example of an urban adaptation of an outdoor and adventurous activity.
Give two other examples of outdoor and adventurous activities and state how one of these could be adapted within an urban environment.
Activity is followed by Adaptation (in CAPS)
Climbing / abseiling / mountaineering /
hill walking / hiking / rambling; CLIMBING WALL
Orienteering; PARK/ SCHOOL GROUNDS;
Canoeing / rafting / kayaking; SWIMMING POOL/ LAKE/ CANALS/ RESERVOIR
Windsurfing / sailing / scuba diving; LAKE/ RESERVOIR/ GRAVEL PITS
Mountain biking; COUNTRY PARKS / PARKS / INDOOR TRACKS
Participation in outdoor and adventurous activities in the natural environment involves an element of risk. What is the difference between ‘real risk’ and ‘perceived risk’?
Real risk
From natural environment / avalanche / rough sea / bad weather, etc / increases with skill level;
Should be avoided at all costs;
Risk of life / injury / dangerous;
Can be planned for / plan a route to avoid.
Perceived risk
Sense of danger / think there’s a risk, eg scared of heights;
Provides excitement / adrenaline rush, but controlled, eg harnesses;
Encouraged by leaders / learning experience based on skill level;
Importance of developing risk assessments.
What are the benefits that young people may gain as a result of experiencing activities such as rock climbing and canoeing?
A Health and / or fitness;
B Develop motor skills / physical skills;
C Leadership / decision making / taking responsibility / safety;
D Personal skills / self esteem / well being / self awareness / knowing strengths and
weaknesses / personal limits / confidence / survival skills;
(Different from B!)
E Social skills / team work / co-operation / working with others / communication / relying on others;
(Different from B!)
F Later life / career / active leisure / qualifications / lifelong learning;
G Appreciation of natural environment – countryside / conservation issues / etc / escapism.
(i) What are the benefits to students of participating in outdoor and adventurous activities?
Appreciation / understanding of the natural environment/issues;
(Aesthetic / philosophic)
Trust / awareness in others / communication / teamwork / social skills / cooperation;
(Others / social)
Self-reliance / decision-making / leadership / problem-solving / confidence;
(Own decisions)
Excitement / know own limits / courage / bravery / determination / overcome fear / self-awareness / experience perceived risk;
(Adrenaline hit)
Cross curricular opportunities / field trips / geography, biology etc;
(Other subjects)
Acquire new / different skills, eg / survival / map reading / safety / awareness of danger / lifelong learning;
(Develop specific skills – improving skills on its own is insufficient)
Improving health/fitness.
What problems do schools face in offering outdoor and adventurous activities?
Lack of time / curriculum pressure;
Lack of finance / transport costs;
Not just lack of transport
Lack of suitable situations / facilities / inner city / location;
Lack of suitably qualified / experienced / motivated staff;
Safety concerns / legislation.
Apart from improved health and fitness, how might taking part in sport benefit an individual?
Fulfilling potential / developing talent / develop skills.
(Accept ‘see how good you are’.)
Challenge oneself / discover strengths and weaknesses / leadership.
Achieve success / increase self-esteem / self-confidence / rewards / trophies / fame.
(Accept ‘win’.)
Working with others / teamwork / social / communication skills.
Show determination / perseverance / courage / commitment .
Sense of fair play / sportsmanship / learn to accept rules / decisions of others.
