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CSCS Prep > Concepts and Applications of the Exercise Sciences > Flashcards

Concepts and Applications of the Exercise Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

Epimysium

A

continuous with tendons at ends of muscle

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2
Q

Tendon

A

attaches muscle to bones

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3
Q

Bone Periosteum

A

specialized connective tissue covering all bones

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4
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the trunk

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5
Q

Distal

A

further from the trunk

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6
Q

Superior

A

closer to the head

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7
Q

Inferior

A

closer to the feet

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8
Q

Origin

A

proximal attachment of muscle (towards the center of the body)

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9
Q

Insertion

A

distal attachment of muscle (away from the center of the body)

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10
Q

Muscle Fibers

A

muscle cell; long, cylindrical cells 50-100 micrometers in diameter

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11
Q

Fasciculi

A

bundles of muscle fibers

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12
Q

Perimysium

A

connective tissue that surrounds fasciculi

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13
Q

Endomysium

A

connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

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14
Q

Sarcolemma

A

muscle fiber membrane; continuous with endomysium

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15
Q

Motor Neuron

A

nerve cell

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16
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

motor end plate; junction between motor neuron and ther muscle fibers it innervates

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17
Q

Motor Unit

A

motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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18
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

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19
Q

Myofibrils

A

contain apparatus that contracts the muscle cell

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20
Q

Myosin

A

type of microfilament; bigger microfilament

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21
Q

Microfilament

A

apparatus that contracts muscle cell

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22
Q

Actin

A

type of microfilament; smaller microfilament; consists of two strands arranged in a double helix

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23
Q

Cross-Bridges

A

globular heads that protrude away from myosin filament at regular intervals

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24
Q

Sarcomere

A

smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle

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25
Q

A-Band

A

myosin filament section of sarcomere

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26
Q

I-Band

A

only actin filament portion of sarcomere

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27
Q

Z-Line

A

in the middle of I-Band and runs longitudinally

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28
Q

H-Zone

A

area in center of sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present

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29
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

intricate system of tubules that is parallel to and surrounding each myofibril

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30
Q

T-Tubules

A

transverse tubules; run perpendicular to SR and terminate in vicinity of Z-Line

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31
Q

Triad

A

T-Tubule spaced between and perpendicular to two SR vesicles

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32
Q

Action Potential

A

electrical nerve impulse

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33
Q

Sliding-Filament Theory

A

the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber

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34
Q

Troponin

A

protein that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a high affinity for calcium ions

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35
Q

Tropomyosin

A

runs along length of actin filament in groove of double helix

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36
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter that diffsues across neuromuscular junction causing excitation of sarcolemma

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37
Q

All-or -None Principle

A

all muscle fibers in a motor neuron contract if stimulus is high enough; stronger stimulus doesn’t mean stronger contraction

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38
Q

Twitch

A

brief contraction that results from action potential traveling down motor neuron

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39
Q

Tetanus

A

maximal amount of force a motor unit can develop; stimuli delivered at such a high frequency that twitches merge and completely fuse

40
Q

Slow-Twitch Fibers

A

develop force and relax slowly and have long twitch time

41
Q

Fast-Twitch Fibers

A

develops force and relaxes rapidly and has a short twitch time

42
Q

Type I Fibers

A

slow twitch

43
Q

Type II a Fibers

A

fast-twitch fibers

44
Q

Type II b Fibers

A

fast twitch fibers

45
Q

Type II x Fibers

A

also known as type II b

46
Q

Recruitment

A

number of motor units activated; increasing recruitment can increase force

47
Q

Preloading

A

loading muscle prior to muscle action (aids in force development early in range of motion)

48
Q

Proprioceptors

A

specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, and tendons

49
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue

50
Q

Intrafusal Fibers

A

run parallel to normal fibers

51
Q

Extrafusal Fibers

A

normal muscle fibers

52
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs)

A

proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction and are in series, that is, attached end to end, with extrafusal muscle fibers

53
Q

Sarcopenia

A

reduced muscle size and strength

54
Q

Heart

A

muscular organ comprised of two interconnected but separate pumps

55
Q

Atrium

A

delivers blood to ventricles

56
Q

Ventricle

A

delivers blood to pulmonary and peripheral circulations

57
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

prevents flow of blood from right ventricle back into right atrium

58
Q

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

A

prevents flow of blood from left ventricle back into left atrium

59
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Valve

A

tricuspid and mitral valves

60
Q

Systole

A

ventricular relaxation

61
Q

Aortic Valve

A

prevents blood of blood from aorta back into left ventricle during ventricular relaxation

62
Q

Pulmonary Vlave

A

prevents blood flow from pulmonary arteries into right ventricle during ventricular relaxation

63
Q

Semilunar Valve

A

aoritc and pulmonary valves

64
Q

Diastole

A

ventricular relaxation

65
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

A

intrinsic pacemaker where rhythmic electrical impulses are normally initiated

66
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

A

where the impulse is delayed slightly before passing into ventricales

67
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle

A

conducts impulses to ventricles

68
Q

Left Bundle Branches

A

divide further and conduct impulses further

69
Q

Right Bundle Branches

A

divide further and conduct impulses further

70
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

further divisions of bundle branches, conduct impulses to all parts of ventricles

71
Q

Myocardium

A

heart muscle

72
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

component of autonomic nervous system, fight or flight

73
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

component of autonomic nervous system, relaxation and digestion

74
Q

Bradycardia

A

fewer than 60beats/min

75
Q

Tachycardia

A

more than 100beats/min

76
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

a graphic representation of electrical activity of the heart

77
Q

P-Wave

A

depolarization; generated by changes in electrical potential of cardiac muscle cells that depolarize the atria and result in atrial contraction

78
Q

QRS Complex

A

depolarization; generated by the electrical potential that depolarizes the ventricles and results in ventricular contraction

79
Q

T-Wave

A

repolarization; caused by the electrical potential generated as the ventricles recover from the state of depolarization

80
Q

Depolarization

A

the reversal of the membrane electrical potential, whereby the normally negative potential inside the membrane becomes slightly positive and the outside becomes slightly negative

81
Q

Repolarization

A

process of the ventricles recovering from the state of depolarization

82
Q

Arterial System

A

carries blood away from the heart

83
Q

Venous System

A

returns blood toward the heart

84
Q

Arteries

A

rapidly transport blood pumped from the heart

85
Q

Arterioles

A

small branches of arteries; act as control vessels through which blood enters the capillaries

86
Q

Capillaries

A

exchange oxygen, fluids, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid in various tissues of body

87
Q

Venules

A

collect blood from capillaries and gradually converge into progressively larger veins

88
Q

Hemoglobin

A

iron-protein carried by the red blood cells; transports oxygen

89
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

major component of blood

90
Q

Trachea

A

first generation respiratory passage

91
Q

Bronchi

A

second generation respiratory passages

92
Q

Bronchioles

A

additional respiratory passages

93
Q

Alveoli

A

where gases are exchanged in respiration

94
Q

Pleural Pressure

A

the pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura

95
Q

Pleura

A

membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the chest walls

96
Q

Alveolar Pressure

A

the pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs

97
Q

Diffusion

A

a simple random motion or molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar capillary membrane

CSCS Prep (4 decks)

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