Biomechanics of Resistance Exercise

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

study of components that make up the musculoskeletal “machine”

Question 2

Biomechanics

Answer 2

focuses on mechanisms through which these components interact to create movement

Question 3

Axial Skeleton

Answer 3

skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Question 4

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 4

shoulder girdles, bones of arms and wrists, and hands, pelvic girdle, bones of legs, ankles, and feet

Question 5

Joint

Answer 5

junctions of bones

Question 6

Fibrous Joints

Answer 6

allows virtually no movement (sutures of skull)

Question 7

Cartilaginous Joint

Answer 7

allow limited movement (intervertebral disks)

Question 8

Synovial Joint

Answer 8

allows considerable movement (elbows and knees)

Question 9

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 9

smooth covering on ends of articulating bones

Question 10

Synovial Fluid

Answer 10

fills entire joint capsule

Question 11

Uniaxial Joint

Answer 11

operate as hinges, rotating about only one axis (elbow)

Question 12

Biaxial Joint

Answer 12

allow movement about two perpendicular axes (ankle and wrists)

Question 13

Multiaxial Joints

Answer 13

allow movement about all three perpendicular axes that define space (shoulder and hip)

Question 14

Vertebral Column

Answer 14

made up of several vertebral bones separated by flexible disks that allow movement to occur

Question 15

Cervical Vertebrae

Answer 15

7 vertebrae in neck region

Question 16

Thoracic Vertebrae

Answer 16

12 vertebrae in middle to upper back

Question 17

Lumbar Vertebrae

Answer 17

5 vertebrae in lower back

Question 18

Sacral Vertebrae

Answer 18

5 vertebrae which are fused together and make up rear part of pelvis

Question 19

Coccygeal Vertebrae

Answer 19

3-5 vertebrae which form a kind of vestigial internal tail extending downward from the pelvis

Question 20

Origin

Answer 20

traditionally, the proximal attachment

Question 21

Proximal

Answer 21

toward the center of the body

Question 22

Insertion

Answer 22

traditionally, the distal attachment

Question 23

Distal

Answer 23

away from the center of the body

Question 24

Fleshy Attachment

Answer 24

most often found at the proximal end of a muscle; muscle fibers are directly affixed to the bone, usually over a wide area

Question 25

Tendon

Answer 25

type of fiberous attachment

Question 26

Agonist

Answer 26

muscle most directly involved in bringing about a movement; prime mover

Question 27

Antagonist

Answer 27

a muscle that can slow down or stop the movement

Question 28

Synergist

Answer 28

a muscle that assist indirectly in a movement

Question 29

Lever

Answer 29

a rigid or semirigidbody that, when subjected to a force whose line of action does not pass through its pivot point, exerts force on any object impeding its tendency to rotate

Question 30

Fulcrum

Answer 30

pivot point of a lever

Question 31

Moment Arm

Answer 31

aka force arm, lever arm, torque arm; perpendicular distance from the line of action to the force of the fulcrum. The line of action of a force is an infinitely long line passing through the point of aplication of the force, oriented in the direction in which the force is exerted

Question 32

Torque

Answer 32

aka moment; the degree to which a force tends to rotate an object about a specified fulcrum. It is defined quantitatively as the magnitude of a force times the length of its moment arm

Question 33

Muscle Force

Answer 33

force generated by biomechanical activity, or the stretching of noncontractile tissue, that tends to draw the opposite ends of a muscle toward each other

Question 34

Resistive Force

Answer 34

force generated by a source external to the body (gravity, inertia, friction) that acts contrary to muscle force

Question 35

Mechanical Advantage

Answer 35

the ratio of the moment arm through which an applied force acts to that through a resistive force acts. For there to be a state of equilibrium between the applied and resistive torques, the product of the muscle force and the moment arm through which it acts must be equal to the product of the resistive force and the moment arm through which it acts. Therefore, a mechanical advantage greater than 1.0 allows the applied (muscle) force to be less than a restrictive force to produce an equal amount of torque. A mechanical advantage of less than 1.0 is a disadvantage in the common sense of the term.

Question 36

First-Class Lever

Answer 36

a lever for which the muscle force and resistive force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum