Bioenergies of Exercise and Training Flashcards
Bioenergies
the flow of energy in a biologial system
Energy
the ability of capacity to perform work
Catabolism
breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules; associated with the release of energy
Anabolism
synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules using energy
Exergonic Reactions
energy-releasing reactions; generally catabolic
Endergonic Reactions
Reactions requiring energy; anabolic processes and contraction of muscle
Metabolism
the total of all the catabolic or exergonic and anabolic or endergonic reactions in a biological system
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
intermediate molecule; allows transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions
Hydrolysis
break down of one molecule of ATP to yield energy; requires one molecule of water
Adenosine Triphosphatase (ATPase)
enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of ATP
Myosin ATPase
enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis for cross-bridge recylcing
Calcium ATPase
pumps calcium into the SR
Sodium-Potassium ATPase
maintains the sarcolemmal concentration gradient after depolarization
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
only two phosphate groups
Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
product of further hydrolysis of ADP
Anaerobic
doesn’t require presence of oxygen
Aerobic
requiring oxygen
Phosphogen System
provides ATP primarily for short-term, high-intensity activities and is active at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
aka phosphcreatine (PCr); high-energy phosphate molecule
Creatine Kinase
enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from CP and ADP
Adenylate Kinase Reaction
aka myokinase reaction; important single-enzyme reaction that can rapidly replenish ATP
Law of Mass Action
aka mass action effect; states that the concentration of reactants or products (or both) in solution will drive the direction of the reactions
Near-Equilibrium Reactions
reactions that proceed in a direction dictated by the concentrations of the reactnts due to the law of mass action
Glycolysis
the breakdown of carbohydrates to resynthesize ATP
Pyruvate
the end result of glycosis
Anaerobic Glycolysis
aka fast glycolysis; when pyruvate is converted to lactate, ATP resynthesis is fast, but limited in duration
Aerobic Glycolysis
aka slow glycolysis; when pyruvate is sent to mitochondria to the Krebs cycle, ATP resynthesis is slower, but much longer duration
Lactate
product when pyruvate is catalyzed by enzyme lactate dehydrogenase
Lactic Acid
mistaken for end result of pyruvate catalyzation
Metabolic Acidosis
exercise-induced decrease in pH
Wet Muscle
muscle that has not been desiccated
Cori Cylce
cycle in which lactate is transported from muscle to blood to the liver where it is converted to glucose
Mitochondria
specialized regular organelles where the reactions of aerobic metabolism occur
Phosphorylation
process of adding inorganic phosphate to another molecule
Oxidative Phosphorylation
refers to resynthesis of ATP in the ETC
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
describes the direct resynthesis of ATP from ADP during a single reaction in the metabolic pathways
Allosteric Inhibition
occurs when an end product binds to the regulatory enzyme and decreases its turnover rate and slows product formation
Allosteric Activation
occurs when the “activator” binds with the enzyme and increases its turnover rate
Rate-Limiting Step
limiting factor in reaction
Lactate Threshold (LT)
exercise intensity or relative intensity at which blood lactate begins an abrupt increase above baseline concentration
Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)
occurs when the concentration of blood lactate reaches 4mmol/L
Oxidative System
primary source of ATP at rest and during low-intensity activites
Krebs Cycle
aka citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle; series of reactions that continues the oxidation of the substrate begun in glycolysis and produces 2 ATP indirectly from guanine triphosphate via substrate-level phosphorylation for each molecule of glucose
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
where hyrdogen atoms are passed down to form a proton concentration gradient to provide energy for ATP production
Cytochromes
electron carries
Beta Oxidation
a series of reactions in which the free fatty acids are broken down, resulting in formation of acetyl-CoA and hyrdogen protons
Gluconeogenesis
process of converting amino acids into glucose
Branched-Chain Amino Acids
leucine, isoleucine, and valine
Exercise Intensity
level of muscular activity that can be quantified in terms of power output
Power
work perform per unit of time
Energy Substrates
molecule that provides starting materials for bioenergetic reactions, including phosphogens (ATP and CP), glucose, glycogen, lactate, FFA, and amino acids
Glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen
Oxygen Uptake
consumption; measire of a person;s ability to take in and use oxygen
Oxygen Deficit
Anaerobic contribution to the total energy cost of exercise
Oxygen Debt
post exercise oxygen uptake
Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to the pre exercise condition
Interval Training
a method that emphasizes bioenergetic adaptations for a more efficient energy transfer within the metabolic pathways by using predetermined intervals of exercise and rest periods
Combination Training
aka cross training; adding aerobic endurance training when training anaerobic athletes
