Concepts

Question 1

Phoneme

Answer 1

differences in sound that contribute to meaning

Question 2

Morpheme

Answer 2

smaller units charged with meaning

Question 3

Words

Answer 3

smallest element that can be uttered in isolation with objective or practical meaning
(content vs function)

Question 4

Sentences (syntax)

Answer 4

rules of word combination to produce well-formed sentences

Question 5

Discourse

Answer 5

Speech, or text in written language, is the highest level of language organisation

Question 6

Pragmatics

Answer 6

social rules involved in language

Question 7

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 7

Non-fluent speech, poor articulation and agrammatism. Intact comprehension and naming

• Lesion: Frontal lobe adjacent to primary motor cortex

Question 8

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 8

Impaired comprehension. Fluent and articulated speech and grammatical structure

• Lesion: Posterior portion of first temporal gyrus

Question 9

Conduction aphasia

Answer 9

Disturbance of repetition and spontaneous speech. Intact auditory comprehension and fluent speech production.

• Lesion: arcuate fasciculus (connections between parietal and temporal lobes

Question 10

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 10

Disturbance of single word comprehension with relatively intact repetition

• Lesion: Connections between parietal and temporal lobes

Question 11

Transcortical motor aphasia

Answer 11

Disturbance of spontaneous speech, with sparing of naming

• Lesion: subcortical lesions in areas underlying the motor cortex

Question 12

Anomic aphasia

Answer 12

Disturbance of the production of single words (trouble retrieving specific words)

• Lesion: Various parts of parietal and temporal lobes

Question 13

Global aphasia

Answer 13

Major disturbance of all language functions

• Lesion: Large portions of association cortex

Question 14

Allophones

Answer 14

two or more similar sounds that are variants of the same phoneme; often identified with brackets

Question 15

Phonemic distinction

Answer 15

when a sound distinction has the potential to actually cause a change in meaning

Question 16

Minimal pair

Answer 16

pair of words that have different meanings but the same sounds, with the exception of one phoneme

Question 17

Coarticulation effect (phonetic context)

Answer 17

one phoneme may differ acoustically due to the preceding and following phonemes

Question 18

Perceptual invariance

Answer 18

Perceiving sounds with highly variable acoustic manifestations as instances of the same sound

Question 19

Word primitives

Answer 19

smallest form in which a word is stored in the mental lexicon

Question 20

Morphemes

Answer 20

smallest meaningful unit of language

Can be:
-Free morphemes (stand by themselves as words)
-Bound morphemes (require attachment to other units)
-Derivational morphemes (significantly alter the root morphemes to which they are added)
-Inflectional morphemes (don’t significantly alter the root morphemes)

Question 21

Social convention

Answer 21

arbitrary relationship between words and the concepts to which they refer

Question 22

Homophones

Answer 22

they have separate, non-overlapping meanings but sound exactly the same

Question 23

Homographs

Answer 23

words that are spelled the same but have separate, non-overlapping meanings

Question 24

Polysemous words

Answer 24

have several related, but different meanings

Question 25

Parsing

Answer 25

process of assigning syntactic structure to incoming words

Question 26

Parser

Answer 26

structure-building mechanisms and procedures

Question 27

Competence vs performance

Answer 27

• Competence: what the speaker knows about the structure of language
• Performance: practical execution of the competence in specific situations

Question 28

Surface vs deep structure

Answer 28

• Surface structure: the specific words we have chosen to convey the meaning of what we wish to say
• Deep structure: the meaning that underlies the utterance

Question 29

Local vs Standing ambiguity

Answer 29

• Local ambiguity: sentences remain temporarily ambiguous until it is later clarified as we hear more of it or we re-parse it
• Standing ambiguity: sentences remain syntactically ambiguous even when all the lexical information has been received

Question 30

Clause

Answer 30

smaller unit of linguistic information in a sentence

Question 31

Constituent

Answer 31

syntactic category consisting of a word or a group of words that function as a single unit within a sentence