conceptions of culture and boundary work

Question 1

code switching

Answer 1

the practice of alternating between two or more languages or cultural norms in conversation or communication.

Question 2

collective representations

Answer 2

shared ideas, symbols, images, or mental constructs that are collectively held by a group of people.

Question 3

cultural toolkit

Answer 3

the set of skills, knowledge, practices, and symbols that individuals in a particular culture possess and use to navigate and understand their social world

Question 4

high culture

Answer 4

associated with wealth and restricted to the upper classes of society.

Question 5

material culture

Answer 5

artifacts, things that you can touch, materialistic items.

Question 6

norms

Answer 6

a shared expectation or rule about appropriate behavior in a given social group or culture.

Question 7

popular culture

Answer 7

aimed at the younger generation and transmitted via the mass media, have a mass appeal.

Question 8

rituals

Answer 8

symbolic, structured, and often repetitive activities or ceremonies that hold cultural or religious significance

Question 9

symbols

Answer 9

objects, words, gestures, or images that represent or stand for something beyond their literal meaning

Question 10

values

Answer 10

fundamental beliefs or principles that guide individuals or a society in determining what is desirable, worthwhile, or morally right.

Question 11

conspicuous consumption

Answer 11

the extravagant and visible consumption of goods and services as a means of displaying one’s social status, wealth, or success

Question 12

culture industries

Answer 12

the industrial production and mass distribution of cultural products, including films, music, television, literature, and other forms of entertainment

Question 13

subculture

Answer 13

differentiate themselves from the wider culture through symbolic and material means, often adapting and repurposing existing cultural goods for new purposes.

Question 14

boundary work

Answer 14

the strategies and practices individuals or groups employ to establish, maintain, or challenge the boundaries between different social categories, disciplines, or identities

Question 15

cultural capital

Answer 15

a concept introduced by Pierre Bourdieu, refers to the non-economic resources, such as education, knowledge, and cultural skills, that individuals acquire and can use to gain social advantage.

Question 16

field

Answer 16

domain in which individuals or groups compete for resources, status, or recognition

Question 17

habitus

Answer 17

deeply ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions that individuals acquire through socialization

Question 18

status

Answer 18

an individual’s position within a social structure, often determined by factors such as wealth, education, occupation, or other markers of prestige. Can be either ascribed or achieved.

Question 19

status group

Answer 19

a social grouping in which individuals share a similar prestige or social honor.

Question 20

symbolic boundaries

Answer 20

conceptual distinctions made by individuals and groups to define and differentiate themselves from others.

Question 21

cultural appropriation

Answer 21

the borrowing, adoption, or imitation of elements from one culture by members of another culture. It becomes controversial when it is perceived as taking or using elements without proper understanding, respect, or acknowledgment.

Question 22

culture jamming

Answer 22

strategy to adress cultural imperialism and consumerism

Question 23

globalization

Answer 23

the interconnectedness and interdependence of nations, economies, cultures, and societies facilitated by advancements in communication, transportation, and technology

Question 24

mcdonalization

Answer 24

describe the process by which principles of the fast-food industry, such as efficiency, predictability, and standardization, are applied to various aspects of social and cultural life, leading to a more rationalized and homogenized society.

Question 25

rationalization

Answer 25

the process by which social and economic activities become more organized, efficient, and calculated.

Question 26

Elijah Anderson

Answer 26

research on urban sociology, race, and inequality. often focuses on the experiences of African Americans in urban settings, particularly in cities like Philadelphia.

Question 27

Emilie Durkheim

Answer 27

various means by which an individual and society could be connected.

Question 28

ann swidler

Answer 28

explored the role of culture in shaping social behavior, including her influential concept of “cultural toolkit.”

Question 29

Dianne Vaughn

Answer 29

work in organizational theory and her influential book “The Challenger Launch Decision,” which analyzed the causes of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.

Question 30

thorstein Veblen

Answer 30

critique of capitalism and conspicuous consumption

Question 31

pierre Bourdieu

Answer 31

theories on social structures, cultural capital, and symbolic power.

Question 32

Michele Lamont

Answer 32

work in the sociology of culture, social inequality, and the study of elites. She has contributed to understanding the role of culture in social hierarchies.

Question 33

max weber

Answer 33

regarded the development of rational social orders as humanity’s greatest achievement. saw bureaucratization as the driving force in modern society