Conception and Childbirth Flashcards
How many hours do oocytes remain viable for after ovulation?
12-24 hours
How long are most sperm viable in female reproductive tract for?
12-48 hours some up to 5 days
When can fertilization take place?
If intercourse occurs 5 days prior to and 1 day after ovulation
How many sperm can ejaculation have?
200-400 million sperm
Why do only a few thousand/hundred sperm actually reach the fallopian tubes?
The others are lost by leaking out vagina, destroyed by the acidic environment, destroyed by WBC in the uterus
Zygote division at 4-5 days (Development of the conceptus)
There are 100 cells called a BLASTOCYST
Zygote division at day 5 (Development of the conceptus)
The blastocyst arrives in the uterus where it floats for a day or two and then implanting in the endometrium = implantation take @ 1 week
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Is secreted by the blastocyst maintains the uterine environment = prevents shedding of lining and embryo friendly environment
Zygote division at 8th week (Development of the conceptus)
Blastocyst grow into an embryo until 8th week where it is referred to as a fetus
Development during the 1st 2-3 weeks
The embryonic membrane which include amniotic sac; yolk sac which produces the embryo’s 1st blood cell and germ cell that will develop into gonads
3rd week of Development
Cell migration occurs and development of organs = brain begins to form
4th week of Development
Digestive, circulatory system & heart begin to develop
by the end of the 4th week spinal cord and nervous system develop
5th week of Development
Formation of the arms and legs
7th week of Development
Reproductive organs begin to differentiate
8th week of Development
Fetus is the size of a thumb
12th week of Development
Arms, hand, finger, legs, feet and toes and eyes are almost fully developed
15th week of Development
Fetus has strong heart, active muscle, digestive functioning, eyebrows appear the fetus is covered with a fine hair called Lanugo
5 months of Development
The fetus is 10-12 inches and weighs ½ - 1 lb – lungs can’t function outside the uterus
6 month of Development
The fetus is 11-14 inches weigh 1 lb.
7 months of Development
The fetus is 13-17 inches weighs 3 lbs (healthy fetus can survive)
The final 2 months of Development
The fetus grow rapidly @ 9 months fetus = 20 inches @ 7 to 8 lbs
Placenta
Connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to provide nutrients and O2 via mother’s bloodstream and the fetus also remove waste products from the fetus’s blood
Pregnancy detection
Tests are designed to detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) which is secreted by the placenta
Although test can predict pregnancy with 95% accuracy not absolute until what is felt?
The fetal heart beat and movement can be detected (with ultrasound)
Heagar’s sign
Softening of the uterus just above the cervix, can be felt with an internal examination
Health of the woman and man before conception and women early in the pregnancy can affect what?
The health of the fetus
Pre-conception health
Health of the individual during their reproductive years and steps necessary to protect the health of the baby the MAY have
Preconception Health care
Focuses on the part of health that have been shown to increase the chance of heaving a healthy baby
Prenatal Care
after a women becomes pregnant and involves monitoring the baby’s development and mother’s health
1st trimester
This is when females usually have nausea, fatigue (wk 1- 13)
2nd trimester –
Women begins to feel fetus move, miscarriage risk decrease, begin to show (wk 14-27)
3rd trimester
Uterus enlarges pushing into abdominal cavity, swelling may occur (wk 28-40)
Teratogens
Substances that causes defects to the fetus
How many babies do birth defects affect each year?
1 in every 33 babies in the United States each year – structural changes that are present at birth
Infections
German Measles (Rubella) and Zika
Zika
Virus that is spread mostly by an infected mosquito - can cause serious birth defects, miscarriage, stillborn
STI’s recommended that all women be screened for what diseases?
Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV and Syphilis
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Umbrella term for a condition that can cause physical, behavioral, and learning problems in a child
Fetal Alcohol syndrome
Most extreme outcome from drinking alcohol during pregnancy; children may have problems with learning, memory, attention, communication, vision, hearing
Tobacco causes risk of…
Associated with miscarriage, Persistent breathing problem, Low birth weight, Fetal growth restriction, small head circumference, Cleft palate
SIDS
Marijuana
Chemicals in marijuana (particularly THC) pass through the women’s system to the baby
Limited research in Marijuana
Some suggest that using while pregnant can result in a lower birth weight, development problem, learning disabilities
Pregnancy after 35 –
quality of women’s eggs begin to decline
Odds of getting pregnant decrease and risk of pregnant related complications or chromosomal abnormalities increase
Ectopic Pregnancy
The fertilized egg grows outside the uterus (usually fallopian tube)
Gestational Hypertension
AKA pregnancy induced hypertension characterized by high blood pressure, edema, protein in urine usually treated through diet, bed rest, medication
Preterm Births
Birth that takes place prior to week 37 (Risk of low birth weight, vital organs may not be fully developed, Prenatal care is important in prevention, About 10% of pregnancies in the US)
Ultrasound
High frequency sound waves to generate picture the picture is called a sonogram; determine fetus size, age, growth, location of placenta gender fetal development
Amniocentesis
Amniotic fluid is withdrawn from the fetus – examined for possible birth defects usually performed 15- 20 weeks
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Removes tiny pieces of cells from the placenta between week 10-13 used less than amnio (doesn’t detect neural tube defects or anterior abdominal wall defects)
Neural Tube defect screening
Blood test, measure the level of alpha-fetoprotein; reveals possible defects of spine, spinal cord, skull, brain
Miscarriage
Spontaneous loss of a child before the 20th week of pregnancy
Stillbirth
death of a baby before delivery
What percentage of known pregnancies end in miscarriage
10 - 25%
Infant Mortality
Death of an infant before their first birthday, US mortality rate is at the lowest point in many decades but it is still higher than most developed countries
(accounted for 5.9 deaths for every 1,000 live births
37th worldwide in infant mortality)
Causes of infants death:
Poverty related conditions, Lack of prenatal care, Congenital problems
Infectious disease
Accidents (@3,700 deaths every year are attributed to sudden unexpected infant death)
SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
Infant dies from unexplained causes
Infertility
Inability to conceive a child after 1 year of unprotected sex or 6 months if over 35 the inability to carry a fetus
Female Infertility
Age is the best predictor of women’s reproductive potential, as well as physical or ovarian problems
Problems can occur because of physical
Smoking, excessive alcohol use, poor diet, stress, excessive physical training, over or under weight, STIs
Ovarian problems
Polycystic ovary (imbalance of reproductive hormones), blocked fallopian tubes, uterine fibroids
Male Infertility
Sperm can be altered because of health and lifestyle
Variocele (Varicose) vein on the testicle
Low sperm count
Decrease sperm mobility
What lifestyle choices can decrease the number of healthy sperm?
Alcohol, tobacco, drug use, STIs and health problems
Infertility Treatments
Fertility medications, Surgery correct (structural problem), Artificial Insemination, Assisted reproductive technology
(In vitro fertilization), Surrogate motherhood, Gestational motherhood
Labor and Delivery
The placenta produces the hormones relaxin which increases flexibility in ligaments and joint of the pelvic area
Stage 1 of Labor (longest)
Expulsion of a plug of bloody mucus that has blocked cervix also “water breaks”, hormone oxytocin produced by the fetus with prostaglandins from the placenta to stimulate strong uterine contractions baby’s head enters the birth canal, cervix is almost fully dilated 10 cm
Stage 2 of Labor
Baby enters the birth canal and ends when the baby is born
baby will appear wet and often covered with a waxy substance called vernix
Stage 3 of Labor (after birth)
Placenta is examined to make sure it is whole; Baby is examined
After labor
Mother will feel contraction of the uterus and lochia for a few weeks after @ 6 weeks
Choices in Childbirth
Hospital births, Cesarean section, Birthing rooms and centers, home births, midwife/doulas
Breastfeeding
3 days after childbirth lactation of milk begin before colostrum yellow liquid is secreted = high in protein and contains antibodies
Post Partum
3 months physical and emotional adjustment
Post Partum Depression
Moderate to severe depression
Post partum Psychosis
Rare but serious (sn/sm – difficulty sleeping, agitations, or hyperactivity, hallucinations, delusions, paranoia)
